Isingeniso ku-Yoga

I-Yoga iwukuhunyushwa kwegama elithi "yoga", okusho ukuthi "ijoka", okubhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kwejoka lamathuluzi epulazi ukuxhumanisa izinkomo ezimbili ndawonye ukulima umhlaba, nokuqhuba izigqila namahhashi. Uma izinkomo ezimbili zixhunywe nejoka ukulima umhlaba, kumele zihambisane futhi zivumelane futhi zihlangane, ngaphandle kwalokho ngeke zikwazi ukusebenza. Kusho "ukuxhumana, ukuhlanganiswa, ukuvumelana", futhi kamuva kwelulwa "endleleni yokuxhumanisa nokwandisa ingokomoya", okungukuthi, ukugxila ukunaka kwabantu nokukuqondisa, ukukusebenzisa nokukusebenzisa.

Eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane edlule eNdiya, bephishekela isimo esiphakeme sokuzwana phakathi komuntu nemvelo, izindela zazivame ukuhlala zodwa ehlathini lasendulo futhi zizindla. Ngemva kwesikhathi eside sempilo elula, izindela zaqaphela imithetho eminingi yemvelo ngokubuka izinto eziphilayo, zabe sezisebenzisa imithetho yokusinda kwezinto eziphilayo kubantu, kancane kancane zizwa izinguquko ezicashile emzimbeni. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu bafunda ukuxhumana nemizimba yabo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela bafunda ukuhlola imizimba yabo, futhi baqala ukugcina nokulawula impilo yabo, kanye nomuzwa wokuphulukisa izifo nobuhlungu. Ngemva kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane yocwaningo kanye nesifinyezo, isethi yesistimu yezempilo nokuqina ephelele, enembile futhi engokoqobo iye yashintsha kancane kancane, okuyi-yoga.

Izithombe zamajoka anamuhla

I-Yoga, eye yathandwa futhi yashisa ezindaweni eziningi ezahlukene zomhlaba eminyakeni yamuva nje, akuyona nje indlela yokuzilolonga ethandwayo noma ethandwayo. I-Yoga iyindlela yasendulo kakhulu yokuzijwayeza ulwazi lwamandla ehlanganisa ifilosofi, isayensi nobuciko. Isisekelo se-yoga sakhiwe phezu kwefilosofi yasendulo yaseNdiya. Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka, imithetho yengqondo, yomzimba kanye nengokomoya iye yaba yingxenye ebalulekile yesiko laseNdiya. Amakholwa e-yoga asendulo athuthukisa uhlelo lwe-yoga ngoba ayekholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi ngokuzivocavoca umzimba nokulawula ukuphefumula, ayengalawula ingqondo nemizwa futhi alondoloze umzimba ophilile kuze kube phakade.

Inhloso ye-yoga ukufeza ukuvumelana phakathi komzimba, ingqondo nemvelo, ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla omuntu, ukuhlakanipha kanye nengokomoya. Kalula nje, i-yoga iwukunyakaza okunamandla ngokomzimba kanye nomkhuba ongokomoya, futhi iyifilosofi yokuphila esetshenziswa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Umgomo wokuzijwayeza i-yoga ukufeza ukuqonda okuhle kanye nokulawulwa kwengqondo yomuntu, nokujwayelana nokuqondisisa izinzwa zomzimba.

Imvelaphi ye-Yoga

Imvelaphi ye-yoga ingalandelelwa emuva empucukweni yasendulo yaseNdiya. E-India yasendulo eminyakeni engu-5,000 eyedlule, yayibizwa ngokuthi "ingcebo yomhlaba". Inesimo esiqinile sokucabanga okungaqondakali, futhi iningi layo lidluliselwa kusuka kumfundisi kuya kumfundi ngendlela yamafomula omlomo. Ama-yoga okuqala ayengososayensi abahlakaniphile ababephonsela inselelo imvelo unyaka wonke phansi kwezintaba zaseHimalaya ezimbozwe yiqhwa. Ukuze umuntu aphile impilo ende nenempilo, kumele abhekane "nezifo", "ukufa", "umzimba", "umphefumulo" kanye nobudlelwano phakathi komuntu nendawo yonke. Lezi yizinkinga ama-yoga ayezifunda amakhulu eminyaka.

I-Yoga yaqala emagqumeni aseHimalaya enyakatho yeNdiya. Abacwaningi befilosofi yanamuhla kanye nezazi ze-yoga, ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni nasezinganekwaneni, baye bacabanga futhi bachaza imvelaphi ye-yoga: Ngakolunye uhlangothi lweHimalaya, kuneNtaba Engcwele Engumama Ongcwele engamamitha angu-8,000 ukuphakama, lapho kunezindela eziningi ezenza ukuzindla nobunzima, futhi eziningi zazo ziba ongcwele. Ngenxa yalokho, abanye abantu baqala ukuba nomona futhi babalandela. Laba bangcwele badlulisela izindlela eziyimfihlo zokuzijwayeza kubalandeli babo ngendlela yamafomula omlomo, futhi laba kwakuyi-yoga yokuqala. Lapho abaqeqeshi be-yoga baseNdiya basendulo bezijwayeza imizimba nezingqondo zabo ngokwemvelo, bathola ngengozi ukuthi izilwane nezitshalo ezahlukahlukene zazalwa zinezindlela zokuphulukisa, zokuphumula, zokulala, noma zokuhlala ziphapheme, futhi zingalulama ngokwemvelo ngaphandle kokwelashwa lapho zigula.

Bahlola izilwane ngokucophelela ukuze babone ukuthi zijwayelana kanjani nokuphila kwemvelo, ukuthi ziphefumula kanjani, zidla kanjani, zikhipha kanjani, ziphumule kanjani, zilale kanjani, futhi zinqobe izifo ngempumelelo. Babona, balingisa, futhi bazibonela mathupha ukuma kwezilwane, kuhlanganiswe nesakhiwo somzimba womuntu kanye nezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene, futhi bakha uchungechunge lwezinhlelo zokuzivocavoca ezizuzisa umzimba nengqondo, okungukuthi, ama-asana. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bahlaziya indlela umoya othinta ngayo impilo, bahlola izindlela zokulawula ingqondo, futhi bafuna izindlela zokufeza ukuvumelana phakathi komzimba, ingqondo, nemvelo, ngaleyo ndlela bathuthukise amandla omuntu, ukuhlakanipha, kanye nengokomoya. Lena imvelaphi yokuzindla nge-yoga. Ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kuka-5,000 yokuzijwayeza, izindlela zokwelapha ezifundiswa yi-yoga ziye zazuzisa izizukulwane zabantu.

Ekuqaleni, ama-yoga ayezijwayeza emihumeni nasemahlathini aminyene eHimalaya, bese enwetshwa aze afike emathempelini nasezindlini zasemaphandleni. Lapho ama-yoga engena ezingeni elijulile lokuzindla okujulile, azofinyelela inhlanganisela yokuqonda komuntu ngamunye kanye nokwazi kwendawo yonke, avuse amandla alele ngaphakathi, futhi athole ukukhanyiselwa kanye nenjabulo enkulu, ngaleyo ndlela anikeze i-yoga amandla aqinile nokukhanga, futhi kancane kancane asakazeke phakathi kwabantu abavamile eNdiya.

Cishe ngo-300 BC, isazi esikhulu saseNdiya uPatanjali sadala i-Yoga Sutras, lapho i-yoga yaseNdiya yasungulwa khona ngempela, futhi umkhuba we-yoga wachazwa ngokusemthethweni njengohlelo olunemilenze eyisishiyagalombili. UPatanjali ungcwele onencazelo enkulu nge-yoga. Wabhala i-Yoga Sutras, eyanikeza yonke imibono nolwazi lwe-yoga. Kulo msebenzi, i-yoga yakha uhlelo oluphelele okokuqala. UPatanjali uhlonishwa njengomsunguli we-yoga yaseNdiya.

Abavubukuli bathole ubumba olugcinwe kahle eMfuleni i-Indus, lapho kuboniswe khona isithombe se-yoga sizindla. Lobumba luneminyaka okungenani engu-5,000 ubudala, okubonisa ukuthi umlando we-yoga ungalandelelwa emuva esikhathini esidala nakakhulu.

Isikhathi samaVeda seProto-Vedic

Isikhathi sakudala

Kusukela ngo-5000 BC kuya ku-3000 BC, ochwepheshe baseNdiya bafunda umkhuba we-yoga ezilwaneni ezazisehlathini lasendulo. ESigodini saseWutong, wawudluliselwa ngasese kakhulu. Ngemva kweminyaka eyi-1,000 yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kwakunemibhalo embalwa ebhaliwe, futhi yavela ngesimo sokuzindla, ukuzindla kanye nokuzila ukudla. I-Yoga ngalesi sikhathi yayibizwa ngokuthi i-Tantric Yoga. Esikhathini esingenamibhalo ebhaliwe, i-yoga yathuthuka kancane kancane isuka emcabangweni wefilosofi wasendulo yaba yindlela yokwenza, phakathi kwayo ukuzindla, ukuzindla kanye nokuzila ukudla kwakuyisikhungo somkhuba we-yoga. Ngesikhathi se-Indus Civilization, iqembu labantu bomdabu ezwekazini laseNdiya lazulazula emhlabeni. Konke kwabanika ugqozi olungenamkhawulo. Babenemikhosi eyinkimbinkimbi nenesizotha futhi bekhulekela onkulunkulu ukuze babuze ngeqiniso lokuphila. Ukukhulekelwa kwamandla ocansi, amakhono akhethekile kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside kuyizimpawu ze-Tantric Yoga. I-Yoga ngomqondo wendabuko iwumkhuba womphefumulo wangaphakathi. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-yoga bekulokhu kuhambisana nokuguquka komlando kwezinkolo zaseNdiya. Ukuchazwa kwe-yoga kuye kwathuthukiswa njalo futhi kwacebiswa ngokuthuthukiswa komlando.

Isikhathi samaVeda

Umqondo wokuqala we-yoga wavela ngekhulu le-15 BC kuya ekhulwini lesi-8 BC. Ukuhlasela kwama-Aryan ahlala emadolobheni kwakhulisa ukwehla kwempucuko yabomdabu baseNdiya futhi kwaletha isiko lamaBrahman. Umqondo we-yoga wahlongozwa okokuqala encwadini yakudala yenkolo ethi "Vedas", eyayichaza i-yoga ngokuthi "ukuzibamba" noma "ukuzithiba" kodwa ngaphandle kwezindlela zokuma. Encwadini yayo yokugcina yakudala, i-yoga yayisetshenziswa njengendlela yokuzibamba, futhi yayihlanganisa nokuqukethwe kokulawula ukuphefumula. Ngaleso sikhathi, yadalwa abapristi ababekholelwa kuNkulunkulu ukuze bahlabelele kangcono. Umgomo womkhuba we-yoga wamaVedic waqala ukuguquka kusukela ekuzijwayezeni ngokomzimba ukuze kufezwe inkululeko kuye ekuphakameni kwefilosofi yenkolo yokuqaphela ubunye bukaBrahman no-Atman.

I-Pre-Classical

I-Yoga iba yindlela yokuzijwayeza ngokomoya

Ngekhulu lesithupha BC, amadoda amabili amakhulu azalelwa eNdiya. Omunye uBuddha owaziwayo, kanti omunye uMahavira, umsunguli wehlelo lamaJain lendabuko eNdiya. Izimfundiso zikaBuddha zingafingqwa ngokuthi "Amaqiniso Amane Ahloniphekile: ukuhlupheka, imvelaphi, ukuphela, kanye nendlela". Zombili izinhlelo zezimfundiso zikaBuddha zaziwa kabanzi emhlabeni wonke. Enye ibizwa ngokuthi "iVipassana" kanti enye ibizwa ngokuthi "iSamapatti", ehlanganisa "i-Anapanasati" edumile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uBuddha wasungula uhlaka oluyisisekelo lomkhuba ongokomoya olubizwa ngokuthi "iNdlela Eyisishiyagalombili", lapho "indlela yokuphila efanele" kanye "nomzamo ofanele" kufana kakhulu nemithetho kanye nokukhuthala kuRaja Yoga.

Isithombe sikaMahavira, umsunguli wobuJainism eNdiya

UbuBuddha babuthandwa kakhulu ezikhathini zasendulo, futhi izindlela zokuzijwayeza zobuBuddha ezisekelwe ekuzindleni zasakazekela engxenyeni enkulu ye-Asia. Ukuzindla kwamaBuddha kwakungagcini nje ngezindela ezithile kanye nabantu abazidelayo (amaSadhus), kodwa futhi kwakwenziwa ngabantu abaningi abavamile. Ngenxa yokusabalala kabanzi kobuBuddha, ukuzindla kwathandwa eNdiya enkulu. Kamuva, kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-10 kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-13, amaSulumane aseTurkey avela e-Asia Ephakathi ahlasela iNdiya futhi ahlala lapho. Ashaya kakhulu ubuBuddha futhi aphoqa amaNdiya ukuba aguqukele kubuSulumane ngokusebenzisa ubudlova nezindlela zomnotho. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-13, ubuBuddha babuphela eNdiya. Kodwa-ke, eShayina, eJapane, eNingizimu Korea kanye namazwe aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, isiko lokuzindla lamaBuddha seligcinwe futhi lathuthukiswa.

Ngekhulu lesi-6 BC, uBuddha wethula (i-Vipassana), eyanyamalala eNdiya ngekhulu le-13. AmaSulumane ahlasela futhi aphoqa ubuSulumane. Ngekhulu lesi-8 BC-5 BC, kuma-Upanishads asendulo enkolo, akukho asana, okubhekisela endleleni ejwayelekile yomkhuba engasusa ngokuphelele ubuhlungu. Kunezikole ezimbili ezidumile ze-yoga, okungukuthi: i-karma yoga kanye ne-jnana yoga. I-Karma yoga igcizelela amasiko enkolo, kuyilapho i-jnana yoga igxila ekutadisheni nasekuqondeni imibhalo yenkolo. Zombili izindlela zokuzijwayeza zingenza abantu bakwazi ukufinyelela esimweni senkululeko ekugcineni.

Isikhathi sakudala

Ikhulu lesi-5 BC - ikhulu lesi-2 AD: Kuvela ama-yoga classics abalulekile

Kusukela kurekhodi elijwayelekile lamaVeda ngo-1500 BC, kuya kurekhodi elicacile le-yoga kuma-Upanishads, kuya ekuveleni kweBhagavad Gita, kwaqedwa ukuhlanganiswa komkhuba we-yoga kanye nefilosofi yeVedanta, okwakukhuluma kakhulu ngezindlela ezahlukene zokuxhumana noNkulunkulu, futhi okuqukethwe kwayo kwakuhlanganisa iRaja Yoga, iBhakti Yoga, iKarma Yoga, kanye neJnana Yoga. Kwenza i-yoga, umkhuba ongokomoya wabantu, waba yi-orthodox, kusukela ekugcizeleleni umkhuba kuya ekubeni khona kokuziphatha, inkolelo, nolwazi.

Cishe ngo-300 BC, isazi saseNdiya uPatanjali sakha i-Yoga Sutras, lapho i-yoga yaseNdiya yasungulwa khona ngempela, futhi umkhuba we-yoga wachazwa ngokusemthethweni njengohlelo lwemilenze eyisishiyagalombili. IPatanjali ihlonishwa njengomsunguli we-yoga. Ama-Yoga Sutras akhuluma ngokufinyelela isimo sokulinganisela komzimba, ingqondo, nomoya ngokuhlanzwa ngokomoya, futhi achaza i-yoga njengendlela yokwenza ecindezela ukuguquguquka kwengqondo. Okungukuthi: umvuthwandaba womcabango weSamkhya kanye nombono womkhuba wesikole seYoga, ukulandela ngokuqinile indlela yemilenze eyisishiyagalombili ukuze kuzuzwe inkululeko futhi kubuyele kumuntu wangempela. Indlela yemilenze eyisishiyagalombili yile: "Izinyathelo eziyisishiyagalombili zokwenza i-yoga; ukuzithiba, ukukhuthala, ukuzindla, ukuphefumula, ukulawula izinzwa, ukuphikelela, ukuzindla, kanye ne-samadhi." Yisikhungo seRaja Yoga futhi yindlela yokufinyelela ukukhanyiselwa.

I-Post-Classical

Ikhulu lesi-2 AD - ikhulu le-19 AD: I-Yoga yesimanje yachuma

I-Tantra, inkolo eyimfihlo enethonya elikhulu kwi-yoga yanamuhla, ikholelwa ukuthi inkululeko ephelele ingatholakala kuphela ngokuzila ukudla okuqinile nokuzindla, nokuthi inkululeko ingatholakala ekugcineni ngokukhulekela unkulunkulukazi. Bakholelwa ukuthi konke kunokuhlobana kanye nokubili (okuhle nokubi, okushisayo nokubandayo, i-yin ne-yang), futhi okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuqeda ubuhlungu ukuxhuma nokuhlanganisa konke ukuhlobana kanye nokubili emzimbeni. UPatanjali - yize egcizelele isidingo sokuzivocavoca umzimba nokuhlanzwa, wayekholelwa nokuthi umzimba womuntu ungcolile. I-yogi ekhanyiselwe ngempela izozama ukususa inkampani yesixuku ukuze igweme ukungcoliswa. Kodwa-ke, isikole se-Yoga (i-Tantra) siyawazisa kakhulu umzimba womuntu, sikholelwa ukuthi iNkosi uShiva ikhona emzimbeni womuntu, futhi sikholelwa ukuthi imvelaphi yazo zonke izinto emvelweni ingamandla ocansi, atholakala ngaphansi komgogodla. Umhlaba awuyona inkohliso, kodwa uwubufakazi bobuNkulunkulu. Abantu bangasondela ebuNkulunkuluni ngokusebenzisa ulwazi lwabo ngomhlaba. Bakhetha ukuhlanganisa amandla owesilisa nowesifazane ngendlela engokomfanekiso. Bathembele ezindleleni ezinzima ze-yoga ukuze bavuse amandla abesifazane emzimbeni, bawakhiphe emzimbeni, bese bewahlanganisa namandla wesilisa atholakala phezulu ekhanda. Bahlonipha abesifazane ngaphezu kwanoma iyiphi i-yogi.

Ukwazisa | Ukuphishekela i-Tantra: Ukubheka ukukhulekelwa konkulunkulu ku-yoga yasendulo kanye nezithombe eziqoshiwe

Ngemuva kwe-Yoga Sutras, yi-yoga yangemva kweklasikhi. Ihlanganisa kakhulu i-Yoga Upanishads, i-Tantra kanye ne-Hatha Yoga. Kune-Yoga Upanishads ezingama-21. Kulezi Upanishads, ukuqonda okumsulwa, ukucabanga kanye nokuzindla akuzona zodwa izindlela zokufeza inkululeko. Zonke zidinga ukufeza isimo sobunye bukaBrahman no-Atman ngokuguqulwa ngokomzimba kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okungokomoya okubangelwa amasu okuzijwayeza ukuzila ukudla. Ngakho-ke, ukudla ukudla okunempilo, ukuzithiba, ama-asanas, ama-chakras ayisikhombisa, njll., kuhlanganiswe nama-mantras, umzimba wesandla ...

Inkathi yanamuhla

I-Yoga isithuthuke yaze yaba yindlela esakazeke kabanzi yokuzivocavoca ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo emhlabeni. Isakazeke isuka eNdiya yaya eYurophu, eMelika, e-Asia-Pacific, e-Afrika, njll., futhi ihlonishwa kakhulu ngemiphumela yayo esobala ekunciphiseni ukucindezeleka kwengqondo kanye nokunakekelwa kwempilo ngokomzimba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izindlela ezahlukene ze-yoga ziye zathuthukiswa njalo, njenge-hot yoga, i-hatha yoga, i-hot yoga, i-health yoga, njll., kanye nezinye isayensi yokuphatha i-yoga. Ezikhathini zanamuhla, kukhona nabanye abantu be-yoga abanethonya elikhulu, njengo-Iyengar, uSwami Ramdev, uZhang Huilan, njll. Akunakuphikwa ukuthi i-yoga ende izodonsela ukunaka okwengeziwe kubantu abavela kuzo zonke izindlela zokuphila.