Gabatarwa ga Yoga

Yoga fassara ce ta "yoga", wadda ke nufin "karkiya", tana nufin amfani da karkiya kayan aikin gona don haɗa shanu biyu wuri ɗaya don yin noma a ƙasa, da kuma korar bayi da dawakai. Idan shanu biyu suka haɗu da karkiya don yin noma a ƙasa, dole ne su yi tafiya tare su kasance masu jituwa da haɗin kai, in ba haka ba ba za su iya aiki ba. Yana nufin "haɗi, haɗuwa, jituwa", daga baya kuma ana faɗaɗa shi zuwa "hanyar haɗawa da faɗaɗa ruhaniya", wato, don mai da hankali kan mutane da kuma shiryar da su, amfani da su da kuma aiwatar da su.

Shekaru dubbai da suka gabata a Indiya, don neman mafi girman yanayin jituwa tsakanin mutum da yanayi, sufaye galibi suna zaune a keɓe a cikin dajin farko kuma suna yin bimbini. Bayan dogon lokaci na rayuwa mai sauƙi, sufaye sun fahimci dokokin yanayi da yawa daga lura da halittu, sannan suka yi amfani da dokokin rayuwa na halittu ga mutane, a hankali suna jin canje-canje a cikin jiki. Sakamakon haka, mutane sun koyi yin magana da jikinsu, don haka suka koyi bincika jikinsu, kuma suka fara kula da lafiyarsu, da kuma yanayin warkar da cututtuka da radadi. Bayan dubban shekaru na bincike da taƙaitawa, wani tsari na tsarin lafiya da motsa jiki na ka'ida cikakke, daidaitacce kuma mai amfani ya bunƙasa a hankali, wanda shine yoga.

Hotunan karkiya na zamani

Yoga, wadda ta shahara kuma ta shahara a sassa daban-daban na duniya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ba wai kawai motsa jiki ne mai shahara ko kuma mai salo ba. Yoga wata tsohuwar hanyar koyar da ilimin makamashi ce wadda ta haɗu da falsafa, kimiyya da fasaha. An gina tushen yoga ne akan falsafar Indiya ta da. Tsawon shekaru dubbai, ƙa'idodin tunani, na jiki da na ruhaniya sun zama muhimmin ɓangare na al'adun Indiya. Masu bin yoga na da, sun ƙirƙiri tsarin yoga saboda sun yi imani da gaske cewa ta hanyar motsa jiki da kuma daidaita numfashi, za su iya sarrafa hankali da motsin rai da kuma kula da jiki mai lafiya har abada.

Manufar yoga ita ce cimma daidaito tsakanin jiki, hankali da yanayi, don haɓaka ƙarfin ɗan adam, hikima da ruhi. A taƙaice dai, yoga motsi ne mai ƙarfi na jiki da kuma aikin ruhaniya, kuma falsafa ce ta rayuwa da ake amfani da ita a rayuwar yau da kullum. Manufar aikin yoga ita ce cimma kyakkyawar fahimta da kuma tsara tunanin mutum, da kuma sanin abubuwan da ke cikin jiki da kuma sanin abubuwan da ke cikinsa.

Asalin Yoga

Asalin yoga za a iya samo shi ne daga tsohuwar wayewar Indiya. A tsohuwar Indiya shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata, ana kiranta "taskar duniya". Tana da ƙarfi wajen tunani mai zurfi, kuma yawancinta ana ba ta ne daga ubangida zuwa almajiri ta hanyar amfani da dabarar baki. Waɗanda suka fara yogi duk masana kimiyya ne masu hankali waɗanda suka ƙalubalanci yanayi duk shekara a ƙarƙashin tsaunukan Himalayas da dusar ƙanƙara ta lulluɓe. Domin rayuwa mai tsawo da lafiya, dole ne mutum ya fuskanci "cuta", "mutuwa", "jiki", "rai" da kuma alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutum da sararin samaniya. Waɗannan su ne batutuwan da yogis suka yi nazari a kansu tsawon ƙarni.

Yoga ta samo asali ne daga tsaunukan Himalayas a arewacin Indiya. Masu binciken falsafar zamani da malaman yoga, bisa bincike da tatsuniyoyi, sun yi tunanin kuma sun bayyana asalin yoga: A gefe ɗaya na Himalayas, akwai wani Dutsen Uwa Mai Tsarki mai tsawon mita 8,000, inda akwai wasu mala'iku da yawa waɗanda ke yin bimbini da wahala, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu sun zama tsarkaka. Sakamakon haka, wasu mutane suka fara hassada da bin su. Waɗannan tsarkaka sun ba wa mabiyansu hanyoyin sirri na yin aiki ta hanyar amfani da dabarar baki, kuma waɗannan su ne yogis na farko. Lokacin da tsoffin masu yin yoga na Indiya ke yin aikin jiki da hankalinsu a cikin yanayi, sun gano cewa an haifi dabbobi da tsire-tsire daban-daban da hanyoyin warkarwa, shakatawa, barci, ko kasancewa a farke, kuma suna iya murmurewa ta halitta ba tare da wani magani ba lokacin da suke rashin lafiya.

Sun lura da dabbobi da kyau don ganin yadda suka saba da rayuwa ta halitta, yadda suke numfashi, cin abinci, fitar da su daga jiki, hutawa, barci, da kuma shawo kan cututtuka yadda ya kamata. Sun lura, sun yi koyi da yanayin dabbobi, tare da tsarin jikin ɗan adam da tsarin jiki daban-daban, kuma sun ƙirƙiri jerin tsarin motsa jiki waɗanda ke da amfani ga jiki da tunani, wato, asanas. A lokaci guda, sun yi nazarin yadda ruhu ke shafar lafiya, sun bincika hanyoyin sarrafa hankali, kuma sun nemi hanyoyin cimma jituwa tsakanin jiki, hankali, da yanayi, ta haka ne suke haɓaka ƙarfin ɗan adam, hikima, da ruhaniya. Wannan shine asalin yin zuzzurfan tunani na yoga. Bayan fiye da shekaru 5,000 na aiki, hanyoyin warkarwa da yoga ke koyarwa sun amfanar da tsararraki na mutane.

Da farko, yogis suna yin atisaye a cikin kogo da dazuzzuka masu yawa a cikin Himalayas, sannan su faɗaɗa zuwa haikali da gidajen ƙauye. Lokacin da yogis suka shiga cikin zurfin tunani a cikin zurfin tunani, za su cimma haɗin fahimtar mutum ɗaya da sanin sararin samaniya, su farkar da kuzarin da ke cikin barci, kuma su sami wayewa da babban jin daɗi, ta haka za su ba yoga ƙarfi da jan hankali, kuma a hankali ya bazu tsakanin talakawa a Indiya.

A kusan shekara ta 300 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), babban masanin falsafar Indiya Patanjali ya ƙirƙiri Yoga Sutras, wanda aka kafa yoga ta Indiya da gaske, kuma an ayyana aikin yoga a matsayin tsarin da ke da gaɓoɓi takwas. Patanjali waliyyi ne wanda ke da matuƙar muhimmanci ga yoga. Ya rubuta Yoga Sutras, wanda ya ba da dukkan ka'idoji da ilimin yoga. A cikin wannan aikin, yoga ta samar da cikakken tsari a karon farko. Ana girmama Patanjali a matsayin wanda ya kafa yoga ta Indiya.

Masana ilmin kayan tarihi sun gano wani tukwane da aka kiyaye sosai a cikin kogin Indus, inda aka nuna siffar yoga a kansa yana tunani. Wannan tukwane yana da akalla shekaru 5,000, wanda ke nuna cewa tarihin yoga za a iya gano shi tun daga zamanin da.

Zamanin Vedic Proto-Vedic

Lokacin farko

Daga shekara ta 5000 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa zuwa shekara ta 3000 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, masu koyon yoga daga dabbobi a dajin farko. A kwarin Wutong, galibi ana yada shi a asirce. Bayan shekaru 1,000 na juyin halitta, akwai rubuce-rubuce kalilan, kuma ya bayyana a cikin nau'in tunani, tunani da kuma son zuciya. Yoga a wannan lokacin ana kiransa Tantric Yoga. A lokacin da babu rubuce-rubucen da aka rubuta, yoga ta bunkasa a hankali daga tunanin falsafa na farko zuwa hanyar aiki, wanda daga ciki akwai tunani, tunani da son zuciya sune cibiyar ayyukan yoga. A lokacin wayewar Indus, wani rukuni na 'yan asalin ƙasar Indiya sun yi yawo a duniya. Komai ya ba su wahayi mara iyaka. Sun gudanar da bukukuwa masu rikitarwa da na alfarma kuma suna bauta wa alloli don yin tambaya game da gaskiyar rayuwa. Bautar ikon jima'i, iyawa na musamman da tsawon rai sune halayen Tantric Yoga. Yoga a ma'anar gargajiya aiki ne ga rai na ciki. Ci gaban yoga koyaushe yana tare da juyin halittar tarihi na addinan Indiya. Ma'anar yoga an ci gaba da haɓaka kuma an wadatar da ita da ci gaban tarihi.

Zamanin Vedic

Tunanin farko na yoga ya bayyana a ƙarni na 15 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 8 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. Mamayar Aryans makiyaya ta ƙara ta'azzara raguwar wayewar asalin ƙasar Indiya kuma ta kawo al'adun Brahman. An fara gabatar da ra'ayin yoga a cikin "Vedas" na addini, wanda ya bayyana yoga a matsayin "kamewa" ko "horo" amma ba tare da tsayuwa ba. A cikin tarihinsa na ƙarshe, an yi amfani da yoga a matsayin hanyar kame kai, kuma ya haɗa da wasu abubuwan da ke tattare da sarrafa numfashi. A wancan lokacin, firistoci waɗanda suka yi imani da Allah ne suka ƙirƙira shi don yin waƙa mafi kyau. Manufar aikin yoga na Vedic ta fara canzawa daga aikin jiki don cimma 'yancin kai zuwa tsayin falsafar addini na cimma haɗin kai na Brahman da Atman.

Pre-Classical

Yoga ta zama hanyar yin aikin ruhaniya

A ƙarni na shida kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), an haifi manyan mutane biyu a Indiya. Ɗaya shine sanannen Buddha, ɗayan kuma shine Mahavira, wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar gargajiya ta Jain a Indiya. Ana iya taƙaita koyarwar Buddha a matsayin "Gaskiya Huɗu Masu Daraja: wahala, asali, dainawa, da hanya". Duk tsarin koyarwar Buddha sun shahara a duk duniya. Ɗaya ana kiransa "Vipassana" ɗayan kuma ana kiransa "Samapatti", wanda ya haɗa da sanannen "Anapanasati". Bugu da ƙari, Buddha ya kafa tsarin asali don ayyukan ruhaniya da ake kira "Hanya Takwas", wanda "rayuwa mai kyau" da "ƙoƙarin da ya dace" sun yi kama da ƙa'idodi da himma a cikin Raja Yoga.

Mutum-mutumin Mahavira, wanda ya kafa Jainism a Indiya

Addinin Buddha ya shahara sosai a zamanin da, kuma hanyoyin yin addinin Buddha bisa ga tunani sun bazu zuwa yawancin Asiya. Tunanin Buddha ba wai kawai ga wasu sufaye da masu son addini ba ne (Sadhus), amma kuma mutane da yawa suna yin sa. Saboda yaɗuwar addinin Buddha, tunani ya shahara a babban yankin Indiya. Daga baya, daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 10 zuwa farkon ƙarni na 13, Musulmai 'yan Turkiyya daga Asiya ta Tsakiya suka mamaye Indiya suka zauna a can. Sun yi wa addinin Buddha mummunan rauni kuma suka tilasta wa 'yan Indiya su rungumi Musulunci ta hanyar tashin hankali da tattalin arziki. A farkon ƙarni na 13, addinin Buddha yana ƙarewa a Indiya. Duk da haka, a China, Japan, Koriya ta Kudu da ƙasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya, an kiyaye kuma an haɓaka al'adar tunani ta Buddha.

A ƙarni na 6 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), Buddha ya gabatar da (Vipassana), wanda ya ɓace a Indiya a ƙarni na 13. Musulmai sun mamaye Musulunci suka tilasta masa. A ƙarni na 8 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS) - ƙarni na 5 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), a cikin Upanishads na gargajiya na addini, babu asana, wanda ke nufin hanyar aiki ta gabaɗaya wacce za ta iya kawar da ciwo gaba ɗaya. Akwai makarantun yoga guda biyu masu shahara, wato: yoga na karma da yoga na jnana. Yoga na karma yana mai da hankali kan al'adun addini, yayin da yoga na jnana ke mai da hankali kan nazarin da fahimtar littattafan addini. Duk hanyoyin aiki guda biyu na iya ba wa mutane damar isa ga yanayin 'yanci.

Lokacin gargajiya

Karni na 5 BC - Karni na 2 AD: Muhimman abubuwan yoga na gargajiya sun bayyana

Daga cikakken tarihin Vedas a shekara ta 1500 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), zuwa cikakken bayanin yoga a cikin Upanishads, zuwa bayyanar Bhagavad Gita, an kammala haɗakar ayyukan yoga da falsafar Vedanta, wanda galibi ya yi magana game da hanyoyi daban-daban na sadarwa da allahntaka, kuma abubuwan da ke cikinsa sun haɗa da Raja Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Karma Yoga, da Jnana Yoga. Ya sa yoga, wani aikin ruhaniya na jama'a, ya zama na al'ada, daga jaddada aiki zuwa kasancewa tare da ɗabi'a, imani, da ilimi.

A kusan shekara ta 300 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), masanin falsafar Indiya Patanjali ya ƙirƙiri Yoga Sutras, wanda aka kafa yoga ta Indiya da gaske, kuma an ayyana aikin yoga a matsayin tsarin gaɓoɓi takwas. Ana girmama Patanjali a matsayin wanda ya kafa yoga. Yoga Sutras suna magana game da cimma daidaiton jiki, hankali, da ruhi ta hanyar tsarkakewa ta ruhaniya, kuma suna ayyana yoga a matsayin hanyar aiki da ke danne rashin daidaiton tunani. Wato: ƙarshen tunanin Samkhya da ka'idar aiki ta makarantar Yoga, a bi hanyar da ta dace da gaɓoɓi takwas don cimma 'yanci da komawa ga ainihin kai. Hanyar gaɓoɓi takwas ita ce: "Matakai takwas don yin yoga; horar da kai, himma, tunani, numfashi, sarrafa ji, juriya, tunani, da samadhi." Ita ce cibiyar Raja Yoga kuma hanya ce ta samun wayewa.

Post-Classical

Karni na 2 AD - Karni na 19 AD: Yoga na zamani ya bunƙasa

Tantra, addinin da ke da tasiri sosai a kan yoga na zamani, ya yi imanin cewa ana iya samun 'yanci na ƙarshe ne kawai ta hanyar tsauraran ra'ayoyi da tunani, kuma a ƙarshe ana iya samun 'yanci ta hanyar bauta wa allahiya. Sun yi imani da cewa komai yana da alaƙa da juna da kuma biyu (nagari da mugunta, zafi da sanyi, yin da yang), kuma hanya ɗaya tilo ta kawar da ciwo ita ce haɗawa da haɗa dukkan dangantaka da biyu a cikin jiki. Patanjali - kodayake ya jaddada buƙatar motsa jiki da tsarkakewa, ya kuma yi imani da cewa jikin ɗan adam ba shi da tsabta. Yogi mai haske zai yi ƙoƙarin kawar da hulɗar jama'a don guje wa gurɓatawa. Duk da haka, makarantar Yoga (Tantra) tana yaba wa jikin ɗan adam sosai, tana yi imani da cewa Ubangiji Shiva yana wanzuwa a cikin jikin ɗan adam, kuma tana yi imani da cewa asalin duk abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi shine ikon jima'i, wanda ke ƙarƙashin kashin baya. Duniya ba ruɗani ba ce, amma shaida ce ta allahntaka. Mutane za su iya kusantar allahntaka ta hanyar gogewarsu ta duniya. Sun fi son haɗa kuzarin maza da mata ta hanyar alama. Suna dogara ne da tsayuwa mai wahala ta yoga don tayar da ƙarfin mace a jiki, su cire shi daga jiki, sannan su haɗa shi da ƙarfin namiji da ke saman kai. Suna girmama mata fiye da kowace irin yoga.

Godiya | Bin Tantra: Kallon bautar alloli a cikin tsoffin yoga da sassaka

Bayan Yoga Sutras, yoga ne na bayan-classical. Ya ƙunshi Yoga Upanishads, Tantra da Hatha Yoga. Akwai Yoga Upanishads guda 21. A cikin waɗannan Upanishads, fahimta mai tsarki, tunani har ma da tunani ba su ne kawai hanyoyin samun 'yanci ba. Dukansu suna buƙatar cimma yanayin haɗin kai na Brahman da Atman ta hanyar canjin jiki da ƙwarewar ruhaniya da dabarun yin aiki ascetic ke haifarwa. Saboda haka, cin abinci, gujewa, asanas, chakras bakwai, da sauransu, tare da mantras, jiki-hannu ...

Zamanin zamani

Yoga ta bunƙasa har ta kai ga ta zama wata hanya ta motsa jiki ta jiki da ta hankali a duniya. Ta yaɗu daga Indiya zuwa Turai, Amurka, Asiya-Pacific, Afirka, da sauransu, kuma ana girmama ta sosai saboda tasirinta a bayyane akan rage damuwa ta tunani da kula da lafiyar jiki. A lokaci guda, an ci gaba da haɓaka hanyoyin yoga daban-daban, kamar su yoga mai zafi, hatha yoga, zafi yoga, lafiya yoga, da sauransu, da kuma wasu kimiyyar sarrafa yoga. A zamanin yau, akwai kuma wasu mutane masu tasiri sosai, kamar Iyengar, Swami Ramdev, Zhang Huilan, da sauransu. Ba za a iya musanta cewa yoga mai daɗewa za ta jawo hankalin mutane daga kowane fanni na rayuwa ba.