Chiyambi cha Yoga
Yoga ndi tanthauzo la mawu akuti "yoga", lomwe limatanthauza "goli", kutanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito goli la zida zaulimi polumikiza ng'ombe ziwiri kuti zilime nthaka, komanso kuyendetsa akapolo ndi akavalo. Ng'ombe ziwiri zikalumikizidwa ndi goli kuti zilime nthaka, ziyenera kuyenda limodzi ndikukhala zogwirizana komanso zogwirizana, apo ayi sizingathe kugwira ntchito. Zimatanthauza "kugwirizana, kuphatikiza, mgwirizano", ndipo pambuyo pake zimakulitsidwa ku "njira yolumikizira ndikukulitsa uzimu", kutanthauza, kuyang'ana chidwi cha anthu ndikuwatsogolera, kuwagwiritsa ntchito ndikukhazikitsa.
Zaka zikwi zambiri zapitazo ku India, pofuna mgwirizano wapamwamba pakati pa munthu ndi chilengedwe, amonke nthawi zambiri ankakhala okhaokha m'nkhalango yakale ndipo ankasinkhasinkha. Pambuyo pa nthawi yayitali ya moyo wosalira zambiri, amonke anazindikira malamulo ambiri achilengedwe kuyambira pakuwona zamoyo, kenako anagwiritsa ntchito malamulo oti zamoyo zipulumuke kwa anthu, pang'onopang'ono akumva kusintha kochepa m'thupi. Zotsatira zake, anthu anaphunzira kulankhulana ndi matupi awo, motero anaphunzira kufufuza matupi awo, ndipo anayamba kusunga ndikuwongolera thanzi lawo, komanso chibadwa chochiritsa matenda ndi ululu. Pambuyo pa zaka zikwi zambiri za kafukufuku ndi chidule, dongosolo la thanzi ndi kulimbitsa thupi lathunthu, lolondola komanso lothandiza lasintha pang'onopang'ono, lomwe ndi yoga.
Zithunzi za magoli amakono
Yoga, yomwe yakhala yotchuka komanso yotchuka m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi m'zaka zaposachedwa, si masewera olimbitsa thupi otchuka kapena otchuka okha. Yoga ndi njira yakale kwambiri yophunzirira mphamvu yomwe imaphatikiza nzeru, sayansi ndi zaluso. Maziko a yoga amamangidwa pa nzeru zakale zaku India. Kwa zaka zikwi zambiri, mfundo zamaganizo, zakuthupi ndi zauzimu zakhala gawo lofunika kwambiri la chikhalidwe cha ku India. Okhulupirira yoga akale adapanga njira ya yoga chifukwa ankakhulupirira mwamphamvu kuti mwa kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndikuwongolera kupuma, amatha kulamulira malingaliro ndi malingaliro ndikusunga thupi lathanzi kwamuyaya.
Cholinga cha yoga ndikupeza mgwirizano pakati pa thupi, malingaliro ndi chilengedwe, kuti munthu akhale ndi mphamvu, nzeru ndi uzimu. Mwachidule, yoga ndi kayendetsedwe ka thupi komanso machitidwe auzimu, komanso ndi nzeru za moyo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Cholinga cha machitidwe a yoga ndikumvetsetsa bwino komanso kuwongolera malingaliro a munthu, komanso kudziwa bwino ndikuzindikira mphamvu zakuthupi.
Chiyambi cha Yoga
Chiyambi cha yoga chimachokera ku chitukuko chakale cha ku India. Kale ku India zaka 5,000 zapitazo, inkatchedwa "chuma cha dziko lapansi". Ili ndi chizolowezi champhamvu choganiza zachinsinsi, ndipo zambiri mwa izo zimadutsa kuchokera kwa mbuye kupita kwa wophunzira kudzera mu njira zolankhulirana. Oyamba a yogi onse anali asayansi anzeru omwe ankatsutsa chilengedwe chaka chonse pansi pa mapiri a Himalaya omwe anali ndi chipale chofewa. Kuti munthu akhale ndi moyo wautali komanso wathanzi, ayenera kukumana ndi "matenda", "imfa", "thupi", "moyo" komanso ubale pakati pa munthu ndi chilengedwe chonse. Izi ndi nkhani zomwe yogis yaphunzira kwa zaka mazana ambiri.
Yoga inayambira kumapiri a Himalaya kumpoto kwa India. Akatswiri a zafilosofi ndi akatswiri a yoga amakono, potengera kafukufuku ndi nthano, aganiza ndi kufotokoza chiyambi cha yoga: Kumbali ina ya Himalaya, kuli Phiri Lopatulika la Amayi Oyera la mamita 8,000, komwe kuli anthu ambiri odzipatula omwe amachita kusinkhasinkha ndi kuvutika, ndipo ambiri a iwo amakhala oyera mtima. Zotsatira zake, anthu ena anayamba kuwachitira nsanje ndi kuwatsatira. Oyera mtima amenewa anapereka njira zachinsinsi zochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi kwa otsatira awo mwa njira ya pakamwa, ndipo awa anali oyamba kuchita yoga. Pamene ochita yoga akale aku India ankachita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi maganizo awo m'chilengedwe, mwangozi adapeza kuti nyama ndi zomera zosiyanasiyana zimabadwa ndi njira zochiritsira, kupumula, kugona, kapena kukhala maso, ndipo zimatha kuchira mwachibadwa popanda chithandizo chilichonse akadwala.
Anayang'anitsitsa nyama kuti aone momwe zimasinthira kukhala ndi moyo wachilengedwe, momwe zimapumira, kudya, kutulutsa, kupuma, kugona, komanso kuthana ndi matenda bwino. Anayang'ana, kutsanzira, ndikuwona momwe nyama zimakhalira, kuphatikiza kapangidwe ka thupi la munthu ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana, ndikupanga machitidwe angapo olimbitsa thupi omwe ndi opindulitsa ku thupi ndi malingaliro, kutanthauza asanas. Nthawi yomweyo, adasanthula momwe mzimu umakhudzira thanzi, adafufuza njira zowongolera malingaliro, ndikufunafuna njira zopezera mgwirizano pakati pa thupi, malingaliro, ndi chilengedwe, potero kukulitsa kuthekera kwa munthu, nzeru, ndi uzimu. Ichi ndiye chiyambi cha kusinkhasinkha kwa yoga. Pambuyo pa zaka zoposa 5,000 za machitidwe, njira zochiritsira zomwe zimaphunzitsidwa ndi yoga zapindulitsa mibadwo yambiri ya anthu.
Poyamba, ma yoga ankachita m'mapanga ndi m'nkhalango zowirira ku Himalaya, kenako n’kufalikira mpaka ku akachisi ndi nyumba zakumidzi. Ma yoga akalowa mu msinkhu wozama kwambiri wosinkhasinkha, adzakwaniritsa kuphatikiza kwa chidziwitso cha munthu payekha ndi chidziwitso cha chilengedwe, kudzutsa mphamvu zomwe zili mkati, ndikupeza chidziwitso ndi chisangalalo chachikulu, motero kupatsa yoga mphamvu yamphamvu komanso kukongola, ndikufalikira pang'onopang'ono pakati pa anthu wamba ku India.
Cha m'ma 300 BC, katswiri wamkulu wa ku India, Patanjali, adapanga Yoga Sutras, yomwe yoga ya ku India idakhazikitsidwadi, ndipo machitidwe a yoga adatanthauzidwa mwalamulo kuti ndi dongosolo la miyendo isanu ndi itatu. Patanjali ndi woyera mtima yemwe ali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pa yoga. Iye analemba Yoga Sutras, yomwe idapereka malingaliro onse ndi chidziwitso cha yoga. Mu ntchito iyi, yoga idapanga dongosolo lathunthu koyamba. Patanjali amalemekezedwa ngati woyambitsa yoga ya ku India.
Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale apeza mbiya yosungidwa bwino mumtsinje wa Indus, pomwe munthu wa yoga akuwonetsedwa akusinkhasinkha. Mbiya iyi ili ndi zaka zosachepera 5,000, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti mbiri ya yoga ingathe kutsatiridwa mpaka kalekale.
Nthawi ya Vedic Proto-Vedic
Nthawi yachikale
Kuyambira 5000 BC mpaka 3000 BC, akatswiri aku India adaphunzira kuchita yoga kuchokera ku nyama zomwe zinali m'nkhalango yakale. Mu Chigwa cha Wutong, idaperekedwa mwachinsinsi. Pambuyo pa zaka 1,000 za chisinthiko, panali zolemba zochepa zolembedwa, ndipo zidawonekera mu mawonekedwe a kusinkhasinkha, kusinkhasinkha ndi kudzimana. Yoga panthawiyi inkatchedwa Tantric Yoga. Munthawi yopanda zolemba zolembedwa, yoga pang'onopang'ono idakula kuchokera ku lingaliro lakale la filosofi kukhala njira yochitira, yomwe kusinkhasinkha, kusinkhasinkha ndi kudzimana zinali pakati pa machitidwe a yoga. Mu nthawi ya Indus Civilization, gulu la anthu am'deralo ku India subcontinent linkayendayenda padziko lonse lapansi. Chilichonse chinawapatsa chilimbikitso chosatha. Ankachita miyambo yovuta komanso yolemekezeka ndipo ankalambira milungu kuti afunse za chowonadi cha moyo. Kulambira mphamvu zogonana, luso lapadera, ndi moyo wautali ndi makhalidwe a Tantric Yoga. Yoga m'lingaliro lachikhalidwe ndi chizolowezi cha moyo wamkati. Kukula kwa yoga nthawi zonse kwakhala kukugwirizana ndi kusintha kwa mbiri yakale kwa zipembedzo zaku India. Tanthauzo la yoga lakhala likupitilizidwa ndikulemeretsedwa ndi chitukuko cha mbiri.
Nthawi ya Vedic
Lingaliro loyamba la yoga linaonekera m'zaka za m'ma 1500 BC mpaka m'zaka za m'ma 800 BC. Kuukira kwa Aryans osamukasamuka kunakulitsa kuchepa kwa chitukuko cha anthu aku India ndipo kunabweretsa chikhalidwe cha Brahman. Lingaliro la yoga linaperekedwa koyamba mu "Vedas" yachipembedzo, yomwe imatanthawuza yoga ngati "kudziletsa" kapena "kudziletsa" koma yopanda mawonekedwe. Mu classic yake yomaliza, yoga idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yodziletsa, komanso inali ndi zina zomwe zimathandizira kupuma. Panthawiyo, idapangidwa ndi ansembe omwe ankakhulupirira Mulungu kuti aziimba bwino. Cholinga cha chizolowezi cha yoga cha Vedic chinayamba kusintha kuchoka makamaka pakuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kuti akwaniritse kudzimasula kupita pamlingo wa filosofi wachipembedzo wozindikira umodzi wa Brahman ndi Atman.
Zakale Zakale
Yoga ikhala njira yochitira zinthu zauzimu
M'zaka za m'ma 600 BC, amuna awiri akuluakulu anabadwira ku India. Mmodzi ndi Buddha wodziwika bwino, ndipo wina ndi Mahavira, yemwe anayambitsa gulu lachikhalidwe la Jain ku India. Ziphunzitso za Buddha zitha kufotokozedwa mwachidule ngati "Zowonadi Zinayi Zazikulu: kuvutika, chiyambi, kutha, ndi njira". Machitidwe onse awiri a ziphunzitso za Buddha amadziwika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Limodzi limatchedwa "Vipassana" ndipo lina limatchedwa "Samapatti", lomwe limaphatikizapo "Anapanasati" wotchuka. Kuphatikiza apo, Buddha adakhazikitsa maziko oyambira a machitidwe auzimu otchedwa "Njira Yachisanu ndi Chitatu", momwe "moyo woyenera" ndi "kuyesetsa koyenera" zimafanana kwambiri ndi malamulo ndi khama mu Raja Yoga.
Chifaniziro cha Mahavira, yemwe anayambitsa Jainism ku India
Chibuda chinali chodziwika kwambiri m'nthawi zakale, ndipo njira zochitira Chibuda zochokera ku kusinkhasinkha zinafalikira ku Asia konse. Kusinkhasinkha kwa Chibuda sikunali kokha kwa amonke ndi anthu odzipatula (Sadhus), komanso kunkachitika ndi anthu wamba ambiri. Chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa Chibuda, kusinkhasinkha kunatchuka ku India. Pambuyo pake, kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1000 mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1300, Asilamu a ku Turkic ochokera ku Central Asia anaukira India ndikukhazikika kumeneko. Anamenya kwambiri Chibuda ndipo anakakamiza Amwenye kuti alowe Chisilamu kudzera mu chiwawa ndi njira zachuma. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1300, Chibuda chinali kutha ku India. Komabe, ku China, Japan, South Korea ndi mayiko aku Southeast Asia, mwambo wa kusinkhasinkha wa Chibuda wasungidwa ndikukula.
Mu zaka za m'ma 600 BC, Buddha adayambitsa (Vipassana), yomwe idasowa ku India m'zaka za m'ma 1300. Asilamu adalowa ndikukakamiza Chisilamu. Mu zaka za m'ma 800 BC-500 BC, mu Upanishads yakale yachipembedzo, palibe asana, yomwe imatanthauza njira yodziwika bwino yomwe ingachotseretu ululu. Pali masukulu awiri otchuka a yoga, omwe ndi: karma yoga ndi jnana yoga. Karma yoga imayang'ana kwambiri miyambo yachipembedzo, pomwe jnana yoga imayang'ana kwambiri kuphunzira ndi kumvetsetsa malemba achipembedzo. Njira zonsezi zochitira zinthu zimatha kulola anthu kuti pamapeto pake afike pamlingo womasuka.
Nthawi yakale
Zaka za m'ma 500 BC - zaka za m'ma 2000 AD: Masewera ofunikira a yoga akuwonekera
Kuchokera pa mbiri yonse ya ma Veda mu 1500 BC, mpaka mbiri yomveka bwino ya yoga mu Upanishads, mpaka kuwonekera kwa Bhagavad Gita, mgwirizano wa machitidwe a yoga ndi filosofi ya Vedanta unamalizidwa, womwe makamaka unkalankhula za njira zosiyanasiyana zolankhulirana ndi Mulungu, ndipo zomwe zili mkati mwake zinali Raja Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Karma Yoga, ndi Jnana Yoga. Zinapangitsa yoga, chizolowezi chauzimu cha anthu, kukhala chokhazikika, kuyambira kutsindika kuchita mpaka kukhalapo kwa khalidwe, chikhulupiriro, ndi chidziwitso.
Pafupifupi 300 BC, wanzeru waku India, Patanjali, adapanga Yoga Sutras, pomwe yoga yaku India idakhazikitsidwadi, ndipo machitidwe a yoga adafotokozedwa mwalamulo ngati dongosolo la miyendo isanu ndi itatu. Patanjali amalemekezedwa ngati woyambitsa yoga. Yoga Sutras imalankhula za kukwaniritsa mkhalidwe wolinganiza thupi, malingaliro, ndi mzimu kudzera mu kuyeretsa kwauzimu, ndipo imafotokoza yoga ngati njira yochitira zinthu yomwe imaletsa kusasinthasintha kwa malingaliro. Izi ndi: chimaliziro cha lingaliro la Samkhya ndi chiphunzitso cha machitidwe a sukulu ya Yoga, kutsatira mosamala njira ya miyendo isanu ndi itatu kuti mukwaniritse kumasulidwa ndikubwerera ku umunthu weniweni. Njira ya miyendo isanu ndi itatu ndi iyi: "Masitepe asanu ndi atatu ochitira yoga; kudziletsa, khama, kusinkhasinkha, kupuma, kulamulira mphamvu, kupirira, kusinkhasinkha, ndi samadhi." Ndi malo apakati a Raja Yoga komanso njira yopezera chidziwitso.
Zolemba Zakale Pambuyo pa Zakale
Zaka za m'ma 2000 AD - zaka za m'ma 1800 AD: Yoga yamakono idakula
Tantra, chipembedzo cha anthu osadziwika bwino chomwe chimakhudza kwambiri yoga yamakono, chimakhulupirira kuti ufulu womaliza ungapezeke kokha kudzera mu kudzimana kolimba ndi kusinkhasinkha, ndipo kuti ufulu ungapezeke pomaliza polambira mulungu wamkazi. Amakhulupirira kuti chilichonse chili ndi ubale ndi uwiri (chabwino ndi choipa, chotentha ndi chozizira, yin ndi yang), ndipo njira yokhayo yochotsera ululu ndikulumikiza ndikuphatikiza ubale ndi uwiri wonse m'thupi. Patanjali-ngakhale adagogomezera kufunika kochita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi kuyeretsa, adakhulupiriranso kuti thupi la munthu ndi lodetsedwa. Yogi wodziwa bwino ntchito yake adzayesa kuchotsa gulu la anthu kuti apewe kuipitsidwa. Komabe, sukulu ya Yoga (Tantra) imayamikira kwambiri thupi la munthu, imakhulupirira kuti Lord Shiva alipo m'thupi la munthu, ndipo imakhulupirira kuti chiyambi cha zinthu zonse m'chilengedwe ndi mphamvu yogonana, yomwe ili pansi pa msana. Dziko lapansi si chinyengo, koma umboni wa umulungu. Anthu amatha kuyandikira umulungu kudzera mu zomwe akumana nazo padziko lapansi. Amakonda kuphatikiza mphamvu za amuna ndi akazi mwanjira yophiphiritsira. Amadalira machitidwe ovuta a yoga kuti adzutse mphamvu ya akazi m'thupi, kuichotsa m'thupi, kenako n'kuiphatikiza ndi mphamvu ya amuna yomwe ili pamwamba pa mutu. Amalemekeza akazi kuposa yoga iliyonse.
Pambuyo pa Yoga Sutras, ndi yoga ya post-classical. Ikuphatikizapo makamaka Yoga Upanishads, Tantra ndi Hatha Yoga. Pali Yoga Upanishads 21. Mu Upanishads awa, kuzindikira koyera, kuganiza komanso kusinkhasinkha si njira zokha zopezera ufulu. Onse amafunika kukwaniritsa mgwirizano wa Brahman ndi Atman kudzera mu kusintha kwa thupi ndi chidziwitso chauzimu chomwe chimayambitsidwa ndi njira zodziletsa. Chifukwa chake, kudya zakudya zochepa, kudziletsa, asanas, chakras zisanu ndi ziwiri, ndi zina zotero, kuphatikiza ndi mantras, manja ndi thupi ...
Nyengo yamakono
Yoga yakula kwambiri mpaka kufika poti yakhala njira yofala kwambiri yochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi amisala padziko lonse lapansi. Yafalikira kuchokera ku India kupita ku Europe, America, Asia-Pacific, Africa, ndi zina zotero, ndipo imalemekezedwa kwambiri chifukwa cha zotsatira zake zoonekeratu pa kuchepetsa kupsinjika maganizo ndi chisamaliro cha thanzi la thupi. Nthawi yomweyo, njira zosiyanasiyana za yoga zakhala zikusinthidwa mosalekeza, monga hot yoga, hatha yoga, hot yoga, health yoga, ndi zina zotero, komanso sayansi ina yoyendetsera yoga. Masiku ano, palinso anthu ena a yoga omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri, monga Iyengar, Swami Ramdev, Zhang Huilan, ndi zina zotero. N'zosakayikitsa kuti yoga yomwe yakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali idzakopa chidwi cha anthu ochokera m'mitundu yonse ya moyo.
Ngati muli ndi mafunso kapena mukufuna kudziwa zambiri,chonde titumizireni
Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-25-2024
