Intshayelelo kwiYoga
I-Yoga yindlela yokuguqulela igama elithi "yoga", elithetha "idyokhwe", libhekisa ekusebenziseni idyokhwe yezixhobo zasefama ukudibanisa iinkomo ezimbini ukulima umhlaba, kunye nokuqhuba amakhoboka namahashe. Xa iinkomo ezimbini zidibene nedyokhwe ukulima umhlaba, kufuneka zihambe ngaxeshanye kwaye zivisisane kwaye zimanyane, kungenjalo aziyi kukwazi ukusebenza. Lithetha "unxibelelwano, indibaniselwano, imvisiswano", kwaye kamva yolulelwe "kwindlela yokudibanisa nokwandisa ubumoya", oko kukuthi, ukujolisa ingqalelo yabantu kunye nokukhokela, ukuyisebenzisa kunye nokuyiphumeza.
Kwiminyaka engamawaka eyadlulayo eIndiya, befuna imeko ephezulu yokuvisisana phakathi komntu nendalo, iimonki zazihlala zodwa ehlathini lamandulo kwaye zicamngca. Emva kwexesha elide lobomi obulula, iimonki zaqonda imithetho emininzi yendalo ngokujonga izinto eziphilayo, zaza zasebenzisa imithetho yokusinda kwezinto eziphilayo ebantwini, kancinci kancinci zaziva utshintsho oluncinci emzimbeni. Ngenxa yoko, abantu bafunda ukunxibelelana nemizimba yabo, ngaloo ndlela bafunda ukuphonononga imizimba yabo, baza baqala ukugcina nokulawula impilo yabo, kunye nemvelo yokuphilisa izifo kunye neentlungu. Emva kweminyaka engamawaka yophando kunye nesishwankathelo, iseti yenkqubo yempilo kunye nokomelela komzimba epheleleyo, echanekileyo nesebenzayo iye yavela kancinci kancinci, eyiyoga.
Imifanekiso yeedyokhwe zanamhlanje
I-Yoga, eye yathandwa kwaye ishushu kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ayisiyonto nje yokuzilolonga ethandwayo okanye ethandwayo. I-Yoga yindlela yakudala yokuziqhelanisa nolwazi lwamandla edibanisa ifilosofi, isayensi kunye nobugcisa. Isiseko se-yoga sakhelwe kwifilosofi yamandulo yaseIndiya. Kangangeminyaka engamawaka, imiyalelo yengqondo, yomzimba kunye neyokomoya iye yaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkcubeko yaseIndiya. Amakholwa e-yoga amandulo ayephuhlisa inkqubo ye-yoga kuba ayekholelwa ngokuqinileyo ukuba ngokwenza umzimba nokulawula ukuphefumla, ayenokulawula ingqondo neemvakalelo kwaye agcine umzimba uphilile ngonaphakade.
Injongo yeyoga kukufezekisa imvisiswano phakathi komzimba, ingqondo kunye nendalo, ukuze kuphuhliswe amandla omntu, ubulumko kunye nobuthixo. Ngamafutshane, iyoga yintshukumo eguquguqukayo yomzimba kunye nokuziqhelanisa ngokomoya, kwaye ikwayifilosofi yobomi esetyenziswa kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Injongo yokuziqhelanisa neyoga kukufezekisa ukuqonda okuhle kunye nokulawula ingqondo yomntu, kunye nokuqhelana nokuqonda imizwa yomzimba.
Imvelaphi yeYoga
Imvelaphi yeyoga inokulandelwa emva kwimpucuko yamandulo yaseIndiya. KwiIndiya yamandulo kwiminyaka eyi-5,000 eyadlulayo, yayibizwa ngokuba "bubutyebi behlabathi". Inomkhwa onamandla wokucinga ngendlela engaqondakaliyo, kwaye uninzi lwayo ludluliselwa kwinkosi ukuya kumfundi ngendlela yeefomyula zomlomo. Iiyoga zokuqala zonke zazizizazinzulu ezikrelekrele ezazicela umngeni kwindalo unyaka wonke phantsi kweHimalayas egqunywe likhephu. Ukuze umntu aphile ubomi obude nobunempilo, kufuneka ajongane "nesifo", "ukufa", "umzimba", "umphefumlo" kunye nolwalamano phakathi komntu nendalo iphela. Le yimiba ebifundwa ziiyoga kangangeenkulungwane.
I-Yoga yaqala kwiintaba zeHimalaya kumantla eIndiya. Abaphandi befilosofi yanamhlanje kunye neengcali zeyoga, ngokusekelwe kuphando kunye neentsomi, baye bacinga baza bachaza imvelaphi yeyoga: Kwelinye icala leHimalaya, kukho iNtaba eNgcwele enguMama oNgcwele ephakame ngeemitha ezingama-8,000, apho kukho abantu abaninzi abaziqhelileyo abacamngcayo nobunzima, kwaye uninzi lwabo luba ngabangcwele. Ngenxa yoko, abanye abantu baqala ukuba nomona baze babalandele. Aba bangcwele badlulisela iindlela ezifihlakeleyo zokuziqhelanisa kubalandeli babo ngendlela yeefomyula zomlomo, kwaye aba yayingabokuqala beyoga. Xa abaqeqeshi beyoga bamandulo baseIndiya babeziqhelanisa nemizimba neengqondo zabo kwindalo, ngengozi bafumanisa ukuba izilwanyana ezahlukeneyo kunye nezityalo zazalwa zineendlela zokuphilisa, ukuphumla, ukulala, okanye ukuhlala zivukile, kwaye zinokuphila ngokwendalo ngaphandle konyango xa zigula.
Baziqwalasela ngononophelo izilwanyana ukuze babone indlela eziziqhelanisa ngayo nobomi bendalo, indlela eziphefumla ngayo, ezitya ngayo, ezikhupha ngayo, eziphumlayo ngayo, ezilala ngayo, nezoyisa izifo ngempumelelo. Baziqwalasele, bazilinganisa, baza bazibonela ngokwabo indlela ezimi ngayo izilwanyana, kunye nolwakhiwo lomzimba womntu kunye neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo, baza benza uthotho lweenkqubo zokuzilolonga eziluncedo emzimbeni nasengqondweni, oko kukuthi, ii-asanas. Kwangaxeshanye, bahlalutya indlela umoya ochaphazela ngayo impilo, bahlola iindlela zokulawula ingqondo, baza bafuna iindlela zokufezekisa imvisiswano phakathi komzimba, ingqondo, kunye nendalo, ngaloo ndlela bephuhlisa amandla omntu, ubulumko, kunye nokomoya. Le yimvelaphi yokucamngca nge-yoga. Emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwama-5,000 yokuziqhelanisa, iindlela zokuphilisa ezifundiswa yi-yoga ziye zanceda izizukulwana zabantu.
Ekuqaleni, ii-yogi zaziqhelisela emiqolombeni nakumahlathi axineneyo eHimalaya, zaza zanda zaya kwiitempile nakwiindlu zasemaphandleni. Xa ii-yogi zingena kwinqanaba elinzulu lokucamngca nzulu, ziya kufezekisa indibaniselwano yokuqonda komntu ngamnye kunye nokuqonda kwendalo yonke, zivuse amandla aleleyo ngaphakathi, kwaye zifumane ukukhanya kunye nolonwabo olukhulu, ngaloo ndlela zinika i-yoga amandla aqinileyo kunye nomtsalane, kwaye kancinci kancinci isasazeka phakathi kwabantu abaqhelekileyo eIndiya.
Malunga nowama-300 BC, isilumko esikhulu saseIndiya uPatanjali wadala iYoga Sutras, apho i-yoga yaseIndiya yasekwa khona ngokwenene, kwaye uqheliselo lweyoga lwachazwa ngokusesikweni njengenkqubo enamalungu asibhozo. UPatanjali ngcwele onentsingiselo enkulu kwiyoga. Wabhala iYoga Sutras, eyanika zonke iingcamango nolwazi lweyoga. Kulo msebenzi, i-yoga yakha inkqubo epheleleyo okokuqala. UPatanjali uhlonitshwa njengomseki we-yoga yaseIndiya.
Iingcali zezinto zakudala zifumene imbiza yodongwe egcinwe kakuhle kwiSidibi soMlambo i-Indus, apho kuboniswe khona umfanekiso we-yoga ucamngca. Le mbiza yodongwe ineminyaka engama-5 000 ubudala, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba imbali ye-yoga inokulandelwa emva kwixesha lakudala.
Ixesha leVedic Proto-Vedic
Ixesha langaphambili
Ukususela kwiminyaka engama-5000 BC ukuya kuma-3000 BC, abantu abaqheliselayo baseIndiya bafunda indlela yokwenza i-yoga kwizilwanyana ezazikwihlathi lamandulo. KwiNtlambo yaseWutong, yayidluliselwa ngasese. Emva kweminyaka eli-1,000 yokuzivelela kwezinto, zazimbalwa iirekhodi ezibhaliweyo, kwaye yabonakala ngendlela yokucamngca, ukucamngca kunye nokuzila ukutya. I-yoga ngeli xesha yayibizwa ngokuba yi-Tantric Yoga. Ngexesha elingenazo iirekhodi ezibhaliweyo, i-yoga yakhula kancinci kancinci ukusuka kwingcinga yakudala yefilosofi yaba yindlela yokwenza izinto, phakathi kwayo ukucamngca, ukucamngca kunye nokuzila ukutya yayiziziko le-yoga. Ngexesha lempucuko yase-Indus, iqela labantu bomthonyama kwilizwekazi laseIndiya lalihambahamba emhlabeni. Yonke into yabanika ugqozi olungenasiphelo. Babenemibhiyozo enzima neyomeleleyo kwaye benqula oothixo ukuze babuze ngenyaniso yobomi. Ukunqulwa kwamandla esondo, izakhono ezikhethekileyo kunye nobomi obude ziimpawu ze-Tantric Yoga. I-yoga ngokwengqiqo yendabuko yindlela yokwenza izinto yomphefumlo wangaphakathi. Uphuhliso lwe-yoga luhlala luhamba nophuhliso lwembali lweenkolo zaseIndiya. Intsingiselo ye-yoga iye yaphuhliswa rhoqo kwaye yatyetyiswa ngophuhliso lwembali.
Ixesha lamaVedic
Ingcamango yokuqala ye-yoga yavela kwinkulungwane ye-15 BC ukuya kwinkulungwane yesi-8 BC. Ukuhlaselwa kwama-Aryan ahambahambayo kwayandisa ukwehla kwempucuko yemveli yaseIndiya kwaye kwazisa inkcubeko yamaBrahman. Ingcamango ye-yoga yaqala ukucetyiswa kwi-"Vedas" yenkolo yakudala, eyayichaza i-yoga ngokuthi "ukuzibamba" okanye "ukuziqeqesha" kodwa ngaphandle kweendlela zokuma. Kwi-classic yayo yokugqibela, i-yoga yayisetyenziswa njengendlela yokuzibamba, kwaye yayiquka nomxholo othile wokulawula ukuphefumla. Ngelo xesha, yadalwa ngababingeleli ababekholelwa kuThixo ukuze bahlabelele ngcono. Injongo yokuzibamba kwi-yoga yamaVedic yaqala ukutshintsha ukusuka ekuziphatheni ngokomzimba ukuya ekufezekiseni inkululeko ukuya kwinqanaba lefilosofi yonqulo lokufezekisa ubunye bukaBrahman no-Atman.
I-Pre-Classical
I-Yoga iba yindlela yokuziqhelanisa ngokomoya
Kwinkulungwane yesithandathu ngaphambi kwexesha likaYesu, amadoda amabini amakhulu azalelwa eIndiya. Omnye nguBuddha owaziwayo, omnye nguMahavira, umseki wehlelo lendabuko lamaJain eIndiya. Iimfundiso zikaBuddha zingachazwa njenge "Iinyaniso Ezine Ezibalaseleyo: ukubandezeleka, imvelaphi, ukuphela, kunye nendlela". Zombini iinkqubo zeemfundiso zikaBuddha zaziwa kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela. Enye ibizwa ngokuba yi "Vipassana" kwaye enye ibizwa ngokuba yi "Samapatti", equka "i-Anapanasati" edumileyo. Ukongeza, uBuddha waseka isakhelo esisisiseko sokwenza izinto zokomoya esibizwa ngokuba yi "Eightfold Path", apho "indlela yokuphila elungileyo" kunye "nomzamo olungileyo" zifana kakhulu nemiyalelo kunye nokukhuthala kwiRaja Yoga.
Umfanekiso kaMahavira, umseki wobuJainism eIndiya
UbuBhuda babuthandwa kakhulu kumaxesha amandulo, kwaye iindlela zokuqhelisela ubuBhuda ezisekelwe ekucamngceni zasasazeka kwiindawo ezininzi zaseAsia. Ukucamngca kwamaBhuda kwakungapheleli nje kwiimonki ezithile kunye nabantu abazincamayo (amaSadhus), kodwa kwakwenziwa nangabantu abaninzi abaqhelekileyo. Ngenxa yokusasazeka ngokubanzi kobuBhuda, ukucamngca kwaba yinto ethandwayo kwilizwekazi laseIndiya. Kamva, ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-10 ukuya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-13, amaSilamsi aseTurkey avela e-Asia Ephakathi ahlasela iIndiya aza ahlala apho. Ahlasela kakhulu ubuBhuda aza anyanzela amaNdiya ukuba aguqukele kwiSilamsi ngogonyamelo nangeendlela zoqoqosho. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-13, ubuBhuda babuphela eIndiya. Nangona kunjalo, eTshayina, eJapan, eMzantsi Korea nakwamanye amazwe akuMzantsi-mpuma weAsia, isiko lokucamngca kwamaBhuda ligcinwe kwaye laphuhliswa.
Kwinkulungwane yesi-6 BC, uBuddha wazisa (iVipassana), eyanyamalala eIndiya kwinkulungwane ye-13. AmaSilamsi ahlasela aze anyanzelisa ubuSilamsi. Kwinkulungwane yesi-8 BC-5 BC, kwi-Upanishads yonqulo yakudala, akukho asana, ebhekisa kwindlela yokuziqhelanisa ngokubanzi enokuphelisa ngokupheleleyo intlungu. Kukho izikolo ezibini ezidumileyo zeyoga, ezizezi: i-karma yoga kunye ne-jnana yoga. I-Karma yoga igxininisa amasiko enkolo, ngelixa i-jnana yoga igxila ekufundeni nasekuqondeni izibhalo zonqulo. Zombini iindlela zokuziqhelanisa zinokwenza abantu bakwazi ukufikelela kwimeko yenkululeko ekugqibeleni.
Ixesha leklasikhi
Inkulungwane yesi-5 BC - inkulungwane yesi-2 AD: Kuvela iiklasikhi ezibalulekileyo zeyoga
Ukususela kwingxelo eqhelekileyo yeVedas ngo-1500 BC, ukuya kwingxelo ecacileyo yeyoga kwiUpanishads, ukuya ekuveleni kweBhagavad Gita, ukuhlanganiswa koqheliselo lweyoga kunye nefilosofi yeVedanta kwagqitywa, eyayithetha kakhulu ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokunxibelelana noThixo, kwaye umxholo wayo wawuquka iRaja Yoga, iBhakti Yoga, iKarma Yoga, kunye neJnana Yoga. Yenza i-yoga, uqheliselo lokomoya lwabantu, lwaba yi-orthodox, ukusuka ekugxininiseni uqheliselo ukuya ekubenikho kokuziphatha, inkolelo, nolwazi.
Malunga nowama-300 BC, isilumko saseIndiya uPatanjali sadala iYoga Sutras, apho i-yoga yaseIndiya yasekwa khona ngokwenene, kwaye uqheliselo lweyoga lwachazwa ngokusesikweni njengenkqubo yemilenze esibhozo. IPatanjali ihlonitshwa njengomseki weyoga. IiYoga Sutras zithetha ngokufikelela kwimeko yokulinganisela umzimba, ingqondo, nomoya ngokuhlanjululwa ngokomoya, kwaye zichaza iYoga njengendlela yokwenza ecinezela ukungaguquguquki kwengqondo. Oko kukuthi: isiphelo sengcinga yeSamkhya kunye nethiyori yokusebenza yesikolo seYoga, landela ngokungqongqo indlela yemilenze esibhozo yokufikelela kwinkululeko nokubuyela kubuntu bokwenyani. Indlela yemilenze esibhozo yile: "Amanyathelo asibhozo okwenza i-yoga; ukuziqeqesha, ukukhuthala, ukucamngca, ukuphefumla, ukulawula iimvakalelo, ukunyamezela, ukucamngca, kunye nesamadhi." Liziko leRaja Yoga kwaye yindlela yokufikelela ekukhanyiselweni.
I-Post-Classical
Inkulungwane yesi-2 AD - inkulungwane ye-19 AD: I-Yoga yanamhlanje yachuma
I-Tantra, inkolo engaqhelekanga enempembelelo enkulu kwi-yoga yanamhlanje, ikholelwa ukuba inkululeko yokugqibela inokufumaneka kuphela ngokuzila ukutya okungqongqo kunye nokucamngca, kwaye inkululeko inokufumaneka ekugqibeleni ngokunqula uthixokazi. Bakholelwa ukuba yonke into inobudlelwane kunye nobudlelwane (okuhle nokubi, okushushu nokubanda, i-yin kunye ne-yang), kwaye indlela ekuphela kwayo yokususa intlungu kukudibanisa nokudibanisa yonke ubudlelwane kunye nobudlelwane emzimbeni. UPatanjali-nangona wayegxininisa imfuneko yokuzilolonga kunye nokuhlanjululwa, wayekholelwa nokuba umzimba womntu awucocekanga. I-yogi ekhanyiselwe ngokwenene iya kuzama ukulahla inkampani yesihlwele ukuze ingangcoliswa. Nangona kunjalo, isikolo se-Yoga (seTantra) siyawuxabisa kakhulu umzimba womntu, sikholelwa ukuba iNkosi uShiva ikhona emzimbeni womntu, kwaye sikholelwa ukuba imvelaphi yazo zonke izinto kwindalo ngamandla esondo, aphantsi komqolo. Ihlabathi alikho inkohliso, kodwa bubungqina bobuThixo. Abantu banokusondela kubuThixo ngamava abo ehlabathi. Bakhetha ukudibanisa amandla amadoda namabhinqa ngendlela efuziselayo. Baxhomekeke kwiindlela ezinzima zokuzivocavoca ngeyoga ukuze bavuse amandla obufazi emzimbeni, bawakhuphe emzimbeni, baze bawadibanise namandla obudoda akwindawo ephezulu entlokweni. Bahlonipha abafazi ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na i-yogi.
Emva kweYoga Sutras, yiyoga yasemva kweklasikhi. Ibandakanya ikakhulu iYoga Upanishads, iTantra kunye neHatha Yoga. Kukho iiYoga Upanishads ezingama-21. Kule Upanishads, ukuqonda okumsulwa, ukuqiqa kunye nokucamngca azizo zodwa iindlela zokufumana inkululeko. Zonke kufuneka zifezekise imeko yobunye bukaBrahman no-Atman ngokuguqulwa komzimba kunye namava okomoya abangelwa ziindlela zokuziqhelanisa ne-ascetic. Ke ngoko, ukutya, ukuzibamba, ii-asanas, ii-chakras ezisixhenxe, njl.njl., kudityaniswe nee-mantras, umzimba wesandla ...
Ixesha lanamhlanje
I-Yoga ikhule yaya kwinqanaba apho iye yaba yindlela esasazeke kakhulu yokuzilolonga ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwengqondo kwihlabathi liphela. Isasazeke ukusuka eIndiya ukuya eYurophu, eMelika, e-Asia-Pacific, e-Afrika, njl.njl., kwaye ihlonitshwa kakhulu ngenxa yemiphumo yayo ecacileyo ekunciphiseni uxinzelelo lwengqondo kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo yomzimba. Kwangaxeshanye, iindlela ezahlukeneyo ze-yoga ziye zaphuculwa ngokuqhubekayo, njenge-hot yoga, i-hatha yoga, i-hot yoga, i-health yoga, njl.njl., kunye nezinye iisayensi zolawulo lwe-yoga. Kule mihla, kukwakho nabanye abantu be-yoga abanempembelelo enkulu, abanjengo-Iyengar, uSwami Ramdev, uZhang Huilan, njl.njl. Akunakuphikwa ukuba i-yoga ekudala ikho iya kutsala ingqalelo engakumbi kubantu abavela kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi.
Ukuba unemibuzo okanye ufuna ukwazi okungakumbi,nceda unxibelelane nathi
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-25-2024
