Isingeniso se-Yoga

I-Yoga ukuhumusha kwegama elithi "yoga", okusho ukuthi "ijoka", kubhekiselwa ekusetshenzisweni kwejoka lethuluzi lasepulazini ukuhlanganisa izinkomo ezimbili ndawonye ukuze zilime umhlabathi, nokuqhuba izigqila namahhashi. Uma izinkomo ezimbili zixhunywe ejokeni ukuze zilime, kufanele zihambe ngazwi linye futhi zivumelane futhi zihlangane, kungenjalo ngeke zikwazi ukusebenza. Kusho "ukuxhumana, inhlanganisela, ukuvumelana", futhi kamuva kunwetshwa "endleleni yokuxhuma nokwandisa ingokomoya", okungukuthi, ukugxilisa ukunaka kwabantu nokuqondisa, ukukusebenzisa nokukusebenzisa.

Ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule eNdiya, ephishekela isimo esiphakeme sokuzwana phakathi komuntu nemvelo, izindela zazivame ukuhlala ngasese ehlathini lasendulo futhi zizindle. Ngemva kwesikhathi eside sokuphila okulula, izindela zaqaphela imithetho eminingi yemvelo ngokubuka izinto eziphilayo, zase zisebenzisa imithetho yokusinda kwezinto eziphilayo kubantu, kancane kancane zizwa izinguquko ezicashile emzimbeni. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu bafunda ukuxhumana nemizimba yabo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela bafunda ukuhlola imizimba yabo, futhi baqala ukulondoloza nokulawula impilo yabo, kanye nomuzwa wemvelo wokuphulukisa izifo nobuhlungu. Ngemuva kwezinkulungwane zeminyaka yocwaningo nesifinyezo, isethi yohlelo lwezempilo nokuqina ngokomcabango oluphelele, olunembile futhi olusebenzayo luye lwavela kancane kancane, okuyi-yoga.

Izithombe zamajoka zanamuhla

I-Yoga, esiye yaduma futhi yashisa izikhotha ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba eminyakeni yamuva nje, ayiwona nje umsebenzi wokuqina odumile noma osemfashinini. I-Yoga iyindlela yakudala kakhulu yolwazi lwamandla ehlanganisa ifilosofi, isayensi nobuciko. Isisekelo se-yoga sakhelwe phezu kwefilosofi yasendulo yamaNdiya. Izinkulungwane zeminyaka, imiyalo engokwengqondo, engokwengqondo nengokomoya ibe yingxenye ebalulekile yesiko lamaNdiya. Amakholwa e-yoga asendulo asungula uhlelo lwe-yoga ngoba ayekholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi ngokuzivocavoca umzimba nokulawula ukuphefumula, angakwazi ukulawula ingqondo nemizwa futhi agcine umzimba unempilo phakade.

Inhloso ye-yoga ukuzuza ukuzwana phakathi komzimba, ingqondo nemvelo, ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla omuntu, ukuhlakanipha kanye nengokomoya. Ukukubeka kalula, i-yoga ingumnyakazo oshukumisayo wokuphila kanye nokuzijwayeza ngokomoya, futhi iyifilosofi yempilo esetshenziswa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Umgomo wokuzijwayeza i-yoga uwukufinyelela ukuqonda okuhle nokulawula ingqondo yomuntu siqu, kanye nokujwayelana nokubamba kahle izinzwa zomzimba.

Umsuka we-Yoga

Imvelaphi ye-yoga ingalandelelwa emuva empucukweni yasendulo yamaNdiya. E-India yasendulo eminyakeni engu-5,000 edlule, yayibizwa ngokuthi "ingcebo yomhlaba". Inokuthambekela okunamandla ekucabangeni okuyimfihlakalo, futhi okuningi kwayo kudluliswa isuka ku-master kuya ekubeni ngumfundi ngendlela yamafomula omlomo. Ama-yogi okuqala wonke ayengososayensi abahlakaniphile ababebekela inselele imvelo unyaka wonke ngaphansi kwezintaba ze-Himalaya ezimbozwe yiqhwa. Ukuze uphile impilo ende nenempilo, umuntu kufanele abhekane "nezifo", "ukufa", "umzimba", "umphefumulo" kanye nobudlelwano phakathi komuntu nendawo yonke. Lezi yizinkinga ezifundwe yi-yogis amakhulu eminyaka.

I-Yoga yavela ezintabeni ze-Himalaya enyakatho yeNdiya. Abacwaningi befilosofi yangaleso sikhathi nezazi ze-yoga, ezisekelwe ocwaningweni nasezinganekwaneni, baye bacabanga futhi bachaza umsuka we-yoga: Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwezintaba ze-Himalaya, kuneNtaba Eyingcwele Ephakeme ngamamitha angu-8,000, lapho kukhona khona inqwaba yabantu abaphila ngokuzindla nobunzima, futhi abaningi babo baba osanta. Ngenxa yalokho, abanye abantu baqala ukuba nomona futhi babalandele. Laba bangcwele badlulisela izindlela eziyimfihlo zokuzijwayeza kubalandeli babo ngendlela yamafomula omlomo, futhi lezi kwakuyi-yogis yokuqala. Lapho abenzi be-yoga baseNdiya basendulo bezilolongela imizimba nezingqondo zabo emvelweni, bathola ngephutha ukuthi izilwane nezitshalo ezihlukahlukene zazalwa zinezindlela zokwelapha, ukuphumula, ukulala, noma ukuhlala uphapheme, futhi zazikwazi ukululama ngokwemvelo ngaphandle kokwelashwa lapho zigula.

Ayezibhekisisa izilwane ukuze abone ukuthi zijwayelana kanjani nokuphila kwemvelo, indlela eziphefumula ngayo, ezidla ngayo, ezikhipha ngayo, ziphumule, zilale, futhi zizinqoba kanjani izifo ngokuphumelelayo. Babona, balingisa, futhi bazibonela mathupha ukuma kwezilwane, kuhlanganiswe nesakhiwo somzimba womuntu nezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene, futhi bakha uchungechunge lwezinhlelo zokuzivocavoca ezizuzisa umzimba nengqondo, okungukuthi, i-asanas. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bahlaziya indlela umoya oyithinta ngayo impilo, bahlola izindlela zokulawula ingqondo, futhi bafuna izindlela zokufinyelela ukuzwana phakathi komzimba, ingqondo, nemvelo, ngaleyo ndlela bethuthukisa amandla omuntu, ukuhlakanipha, nengokomoya. Lona umsuka wokuzindla kwe-yoga. Ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kuka-5,000 yokuzijwayeza, izindlela zokuphulukisa ezifundiswa i-yoga zizuzise izizukulwane zabantu.

Ekuqaleni, i-yogis yayiqhutshwa emihumeni nasemahlathini aminyene e-Himalayas, yabe isinwetshwa emathempelini nasezindlini zasemaphandleni. Lapho ama-yogis engena ezingeni elijulile lokuzindla okujulile, azofinyelela inhlanganisela yokwazi komuntu ngamunye kanye nokwazi kwe-cosmic, avuse amandla alele ngaphakathi, futhi athole ukukhanyiselwa kanye nenjabulo enkulu kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela anikeze i-yoga amandla anamandla nokukhanga, futhi kancane kancane asakaze phakathi kwabantu abavamile eNdiya.

Cishe ngo-300 BC, isihlakaniphi esikhulu saseNdiya u-Patanjali wadala i-Yoga Sutras, lapho i-yoga yase-India yakheka khona ngempela, futhi umkhuba we-yoga wachazwa ngokusemthethweni njengohlelo olunemilenze eyisishiyagalombili. UPatanjali usanta onokubaluleka okukhulu ku-yoga. Wabhala i-Yoga Sutras, eyanikeza yonke imibono nolwazi lwe-yoga. Kulo msebenzi, i-yoga yenza uhlelo oluphelele okokuqala ngqa. UPatanjali uhlonishwa njengomsunguli we-yoga yaseNdiya.

Abavubukuli bathole izitsha zobumba ezigcinwe kahle e-Indus River Basin, lapho kuboniswa khona umfanekiso we-yoga ozindla ngawo. Lesi sitsha sobumba okungenani sineminyaka engu-5,000 ubudala, okubonisa ukuthi umlando we-yoga ungalandelelwa emuva esikhathini esidala nakakhulu.

Isikhathi seVedic Proto-Vedic

Isikhathi sokuqala

Kusukela ngo-5000 BC kuya ku-3000 BC, odokotela baseNdiya bafunda umkhuba we-yoga ezilwaneni zasehlathini lasendulo. Esigodini saseWutong, yayidluliselwa ngokuyimfihlo. Ngemva kweminyaka eyi-1,000 yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kwakukhona amarekhodi ambalwa abhaliwe, futhi avela ngesimo sokuzindla, ukucabangela nokuzincisha. I-Yoga ngalesi sikhathi yayibizwa ngokuthi i-Tantric Yoga. Esikhathini esingenawo amarekhodi abhaliwe, i-yoga yathuthuka kancane kancane isuka emcabangweni wakudala wefilosofi yaba indlela yokuzijwayeza, phakathi kwayo ukuzindla, ukuzindla nokuzincisha injabulo kwakuyisikhungo somkhuba we-yoga. Ngesikhathi se-Indus Civilization, iqembu labantu bomdabu ezwenikazi laseNdiya lalizulazula emhlabeni. Konke kwabanikeza ugqozi olungapheli. Babeba nemikhosi eyinkimbinkimbi nenesizotha futhi bekhulekela onkulunkulu ukuze babuze ngeqiniso lokuphila. Ukukhulekelwa kwamandla ocansi, amakhono akhethekile nokuphila isikhathi eside yizici ze-Tantric Yoga. I-Yoga ngomqondo wendabuko iwumkhuba womphefumulo ongaphakathi. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-yoga bekulokhu kuhambisana nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinkolo zamaNdiya. Incazelo ye-yoga ithuthukiswe ngokuqhubekayo futhi yacetshiswa ngokuthuthuka komlando.

Isikhathi seVedic

Umqondo wokuqala we-yoga wavela ngekhulu le-15 BC kuya ekhulwini lesi-8 BC. Ukuhlasela kwama-Aryans ayimizulane kwandisa ukwehla kwempucuko yomdabu yaseNdiya futhi kwaletha isiko lamaBrahman. Umqondo we-yoga uqale wahlongozwa ku-"Vedas" yezenkolo yakudala, echaza i-yoga ngokuthi "ukuzibamba" noma "isiyalo" kodwa ngaphandle kokuma. Ku-classic yayo yokugcina, i-yoga yasetshenziswa njengendlela yokuzithiba, futhi ihlanganisa nokuqukethwe kokulawula ukuphefumula. Ngaleso sikhathi, yadalwa abapristi ababekholelwa kuNkulunkulu ukuze bacule kangcono. Umgomo we-Vedic yoga umkhuba waqala ukuguquka kusukela ikakhulukazi ngokusekelwe ekusebenzeni ngokomzimba ukuze uzuze ukuzikhulula ukuya ekuphakameni kwefilosofi yenkolo yokuqaphela ubunye bukaBrahman no-Atman.

I-Pre- Classical

I-Yoga iba yindlela yokuzijwayeza ngokomoya

Ngekhulu lesithupha BC, amadoda amabili amakhulu azalelwa eNdiya. Omunye uBuddha owaziwa kakhulu, kanti omunye nguMahavira, umsunguli wehlelo lendabuko lamaJain eNdiya. Izimfundiso zikaBuddha zingafingqwa ngokuthi "Amaqiniso Amane Ahloniphekile: ukuhlupheka, imvelaphi, ukuphela, nendlela". Zombili lezi zinhlelo zezimfundiso zikaBuddha zaziwa kabanzi emhlabeni wonke. Enye ibizwa ngokuthi "i-Vipassana" kanti enye ibizwa ngokuthi "i-Samapatti", ehlanganisa "i-Anapanasati" edumile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uBuddha wasungula uhlaka oluyisisekelo lokuzijwayeza okungokomoya olubizwa ngokuthi "Indlela Ephindwe Kayisishiyagalombili", lapho "indlela yokuziphilisa efanele" kanye "nomzamo ofanele" kufana kakhulu noma kancane nemithetho kanye nokukhuthala ku-Raja Yoga.

Isifanekiso sikaMahavira, umsunguli weJainism eNdiya

UbuBuddha babuthandwa kakhulu ezikhathini zasendulo, futhi izindlela zobuBuddha ezisekelwe ekuzindleni zasakazekela ezindaweni eziningi zase-Asia. Ukuzindla kwamaBuddha kwakungagcini ezindelani ezithile nama-ascetics (Sadhus), kodwa futhi kwenziwa abantu abaningi abavamile. Ngenxa yokusabalala kobuBuddha, ukuzindla kwaduma ezweni laseNdiya. Kamuva, kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-10 kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-13, amaSulumane aseTurkic avela e-Asia Ephakathi ahlasela iNdiya futhi azinza khona. Babhekana nethonya elinzima kubuBuddha futhi baphoqelela amaNdiya ukuba aguqukele kubuSulumane ngobudlova nangezindlela zezomnotho. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-13, ubuBuddha babushabalala eNdiya. Kodwa-ke, e-China, Japan, South Korea kanye namazwe aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, isiko lokuzindla lamaBuddha ligcinwe futhi lathuthukiswa.

Ngekhulu lesi-6 BC, uBuddha wethula (iVipassana), eyanyamalala eNdiya ngekhulu le-13. AmaSulumane ahlasela futhi aphoqa i-Islam. Ngekhulu lesi-8 BC-ikhulu lesi-5 BC, ku-Upanishads yakudala yezenkolo, akukho asana, okubhekiselwa kundlela ejwayelekile yokuzijwayeza engasusa ngokuphelele izinhlungu. Kunezikole ezimbili ezidumile ze-yoga, okuyilezi: i-karma yoga ne-jnana yoga. I-Karma yoga igcizelela amasiko enkolo, kuyilapho i-jnana yoga igxile ekutadisheni nasekuqondeni imibhalo yezenkolo. Zombili izindlela zokuzijwayeza zingenza abantu bagcine befinyelele esimweni senkululeko.

Isikhathi sakudala

5th century BC - 2nd century AD: I-yoga classics ebalulekile iyavela

Kusukela kurekhodi elivamile lamaVeda ngo-1500 BC, kuya kurekhodi elicacile le-yoga kuma-Upanishads, kuya ekubonakaleni kweBhagavad Gita, ukuhlanganiswa komkhuba we-yoga kanye nefilosofi ye-Vedanta kwaqedwa, eyayikhuluma kakhulu ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuxhumana noNkulunkulu, futhi okuqukethwe kuyo kuhlanganisa i-Raja Yoga, i-Bhakti Yoga, i-Jnana Yoga, i-Karmaga Yoga. Kwenza i-yoga, umkhuba womoya wesintu, waba yi-orthodox, kusukela ekugcizeleleni umkhuba kuya ekubambisaneni kokuziphatha, inkolelo, nolwazi.

Cishe ngo-300 BC, isihlakaniphi saseNdiya uPatanjali wadala i-Yoga Sutras, lapho i-yoga yaseNdiya kwakhiwa khona ngempela, futhi umkhuba we-yoga wachazwa ngokusemthethweni njengohlelo olunemilenze eyisishiyagalombili. UPatanjali uhlonishwa njengomsunguli we-yoga. I-Yoga Sutras ikhuluma ngokufinyelela isimo sokulinganisela komzimba, ingqondo, nomoya ngokuhlanzwa ngokomoya, futhi ichaza i-yoga njengendlela yokuzijwayeza ecindezela ukuguquguquka kwengqondo. Okungukuthi: isiphetho somcabango we-Samkhya kanye nethiyori yokuzijwayeza yesikole se-Yoga, kuhambisana ngokuqinile nendlela enemilenze eyisishiyagalombili ukuze kuzuzwe inkululeko futhi kubuyele kumuntu wangempela. Indlela enemilenze eyisishiyagalombili ithi: "Izinyathelo eziyisishiyagalombili zokwenza i-yoga; ukuzithiba, ukukhuthala, ukuzindla, ukuphefumula, ukulawula izinzwa, ukubekezela, ukuzindla, ne-samadhi." Kuyisikhungo se-Raja Yoga kanye nendlela yokuzuza ukukhanyiselwa.

I-Post-Classical

Ikhulu lesi-2 AD - ikhulu le-19 AD: I-Yoga yesimanje yachuma

I-Tantra, inkolo ye-esoteric enethonya elikhulu ku-yoga yesimanje, ikholelwa ukuthi inkululeko yokugcina ingatholakala kuphela ngokuzincisha injabulo nokuzindla, futhi leyo nkululeko ingatholakala ekugcineni ngokukhulekelwa kukankulunkulukazi. Bakholelwa ukuthi yonke into inokuhlobana kanye nokubili (okuhle nokubi, okushisayo nokubanda, i-yin ne-yang), futhi okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuqeda ubuhlungu ukuxhuma nokuhlanganisa konke ukuhlobana nokubili emzimbeni. UPatanjali-yize agcizelela isidingo sokuvivinya umzimba nokuhlanzwa, wayekholelwa nokuthi umzimba womuntu ungcolile. I-yogi ekhanyiselwe ngempela izozama ukuqeda inkampani yesixuku ukuze igweme ukungcoliswa. Kodwa-ke, isikole (i-Tantra) Yoga siyawazisa kakhulu umzimba womuntu, sikholelwa ukuthi iNkosi uShiva ikhona emzimbeni womuntu, futhi ikholelwa ukuthi imvelaphi yazo zonke izinto emvelweni ingamandla ocansi, atholakala ngaphansi komgogodla. Umhlaba awuyona inkohliso, kodwa uwubufakazi bobunkulunkulu. Abantu bangasondela ebunkulunkulwini ngolwazi lwabo lwezwe. Bakhetha ukuhlanganisa amandla owesilisa nowesifazane ngendlela engokomfanekiso. Bathembele ekumeni kwe-yoga okunzima ukuvusa amandla wesifazane emzimbeni, bawakhiphe emzimbeni, bese bewahlanganisa namandla wesilisa atholakala phezulu ekhanda. Bahlonipha abesifazane ngaphezu kwanoma iyiphi i-yogi.

Ukubonga | Ukuphishekela i-Tantra: Ukubheka ukukhulekelwa konkulunkulu ku-yoga yasendulo nemifanekiso

Ngemuva kwe-Yoga Sutras, i-yoga yangemva kweklasikhi. Ihlanganisa ikakhulukazi i-Yoga Upanishads, i-Tantra ne-Hatha Yoga. Kukhona ama-Yoga Upanishads angama-21. Kulawa ma-Upanishads, ukuqonda okumsulwa, ukucabanga kanye nokuzindla akuzona kuphela izindlela zokuthola inkululeko. Bonke badinga ukufeza isimo sobumbano sikaBrahman no-Atman ngokuguqulwa komzimba nolwazi olungokomoya olubangelwa amasu okuzincisha injabulo. Ngakho-ke, ukudla, ukuzithiba, i-asanas, ama-chakras ayisikhombisa, njll., kuhlanganiswe nama-mantras, umzimba wesandla ...

Inkathi yesimanje

I-Yoga isithuthuke kwaze kwaba yilapho isiphenduke indlela esabalele kakhulu yokuzivocavoca umzimba nengqondo emhlabeni. Isakazeke isuka eNdiya yaya eYurophu, eMelika, e-Asia-Pacific, e-Afrika, njll., futhi ihlonishwa kakhulu ngemiphumela yayo esobala ekunciphiseni ukucindezeleka kwengqondo nokunakekelwa kwezempilo ngokomzimba. Ngasikhathi sinye, izindlela ezahlukahlukene ze-yoga ziye zavela ngokuqhubekayo, njenge-yoga eshisayo, i-hatha yoga, i-yoga eshisayo, i-yoga yezempilo, njll., kanye nezinye isayensi yokuphatha i-yoga. Ezikhathini zanamuhla, kukhona nezibalo ezithile ze-yoga ezinethonya elibanzi, njenge-Iyengar, i-Swami Ramdev, i-Zhang Huilan, njll. Akunakuphikwa ukuthi i-yoga yesikhathi eside izodonsa ukunakwa okwengeziwe kubantu abavela kuzo zonke izigaba zokuphila.