Intshayelelo kwiYoga

I-Yoga yinguqulelo yegama elithi "yoga", elithetha "idyokhwe", libhekisa kusetyenziso lwedyokhwe yesixhobo sefama ukudibanisa iinkomo ezimbini kunye ukulima umhlaba, kunye nokuqhuba amakhoboka namahashe. Xa iinkomo ezimbini zidityaniswe nedyokhwe ukuze zilime umhlaba, zimele zihambe ngaxhatha linye yaye zivisisane yaye zimanyane, kungenjalo aziyi kukwazi ukusebenza. Kuthetha "ukudibanisa, ukudibanisa, ukuhambelana", kwaye kamva kwandiswe "kwindlela yokudibanisa nokwandisa ngokomoya", oko kukuthi, ukugxila ingqalelo yabantu kunye nokukhokela, ukuyisebenzisa kunye nokuyisebenzisa.

Kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo eIndiya, ekusukeleni eyona meko iphakamileyo yemvisiswano phakathi komntu nendalo, iimonki zazidla ngokuhlala ngasese kumahlathi amandulo yaye zicamngca. Emva kwexesha elide lobomi obulula, iimonki zaqonda imithetho emininzi yendalo ngokujonga izinto eziphilayo, zaza zasebenzisa imithetho yokusinda kwezinto eziphilayo ebantwini, ngokuthe ngcembe zibona utshintsho olufihlakeleyo emzimbeni. Ngenxa yoko, abantu bafunda ukunxibelelana nemizimba yabo, kwaye ngaloo ndlela bafunda ukuphonononga imizimba yabo, kwaye baqala ukugcina nokulawula impilo yabo, kunye nethuku lokuphilisa izifo kunye neentlungu. Emva kwamawaka eminyaka yophando kunye nesishwankathelo, iseti yethiyori epheleleyo, echanekileyo nesebenzayo yempilo kunye nenkqubo yokomelela iye yavela ngokuthe ngcembe, eyiyoga.

Imifanekiso yeedyokhwe zanamhlanje

IYoga, esele idumile kwaye ishushu kwiindawo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ayingomthambo nje odumileyo okanye oqhelekileyo wokuzilolonga. I-Yoga yindlela yakudala kakhulu yolwazi lwamandla edibanisa ifilosofi, isayensi kunye nobugcisa. Isiseko seyoga sakhiwe kwifilosofi yakudala yaseIndiya. Kangangamawaka eminyaka, imiyalelo yezengqondo, yezomzimba neyezomoya ibe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkcubeko yaseIndiya. Amakholwa amandulo eyoga aphuhlisa inkqubo yeyoga kuba ayekholelwa ngokuqinileyo ukuba ngokwenza umthambo kunye nokulawula ukuphefumla, anokulawula ingqondo neemvakalelo kwaye agcine umzimba usempilweni ngonaphakade.

Injongo yeyoga kukufumana imvisiswano phakathi komzimba, ingqondo kunye nendalo, ukuze kuphuhliswe amandla omntu, ubulumko kunye nokomoya. Ukuyibeka ngokulula, i-yoga yintshukumo yomzimba kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokomoya, kwaye ikwayintanda-bulumko yobomi esetyenziswa kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Injongo yokuziqhelanisa neyoga kukufumana ukuqonda okulungileyo kunye nokulawula ingqondo yomntu, kunye nokuqhelana kunye nokulawula iimvakalelo zomzimba.

Imvelaphi yeYoga

Imvelaphi yeyoga inokulandelwa emva kwimpucuko yamandulo yaseIndiya. Kwi-Indiya yamandulo kwiminyaka eyi-5,000 eyadlulayo, yayibizwa ngokuba "bubutyebi behlabathi". Inotyekelo oluqinileyo ekucingeni okungaqondakaliyo, kwaye uninzi lwayo lugqithiselwa ukusuka kwinkosi ukuya kumfundi ngendlela yeefomula zomlomo. I-yogis zakuqala yayizizazinzulu ezikrelekrele ezazicela umngeni kwindalo unyaka wonke emazantsi e-Himalaya egqunywe likhephu. Ukuze uphile ubomi obude kunye nempilo, umntu kufuneka abhekane "nezifo", "ukufa", "umzimba", "umphefumlo" kunye nobudlelwane phakathi komntu kunye nendalo yonke. Le yimiba efundwe yi-yogis kangangeenkulungwane.

I-Yoga yavela kwiinduli ze-Himalaya kumantla eIndiya. Abaphandi befilosofi yanamhlanje kunye nabaphengululi be-yoga, ngokusekelwe kuphando kunye neentsomi, baye bacinga kwaye bachaza imvelaphi ye-yoga: Kwelinye icala le-Himalaya, kukho iNtaba ye-Holy Mothers ukuphakama kweemitha ezingama-8,000, apho kukho ama-hermits amaninzi aqhelisela ukucamngca kunye nobunzima, kwaye abaninzi babo baba zingcwele. Ngenxa yoko, abanye abantu baba nomona baza babalandela. Aba bangcwele badlulisela iindlela ezifihlakeleyo zokwenza kubalandeli babo ngendlela yeefomula zomlomo, kwaye ezi yayiziyogis zokuqala. Xa iingcali zeyoga zamandulo zaseIndiya zaziqhelisela imizimba neengqondo zabo kwindalo, bafumanisa ngempazamo ukuba izilwanyana ezahlukeneyo kunye nezityalo zazalwa zineendlela zokuphilisa, ukuphumla, ukulala, okanye ukuhlala uthe qwa, kwaye zinokuchacha ngokwemvelo ngaphandle konyango xa zigula.

Baziqwalasela ngenyameko izilwanyana ukuze babone indlela eziziqhelanisa ngayo nobomi bendalo, indlela eziphefumla ngayo, ezitya ngayo, ezizikhuphayo, eziphumla, ezilalayo, nendlela ezizoyisa ngayo izifo ngempumelelo. Baye baqaphela, baxelisa, kwaye banamava ngokobuqu ukuma kwezilwanyana, kudityaniswa nesakhiwo somzimba womntu kunye neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye benza uluhlu lweenkqubo zokuzilolonga eziluncedo emzimbeni nasengqondweni, oko kukuthi, i-asanas. Kwangaxeshanye, bahlalutya indlela umoya oyichaphazela ngayo impilo, bahlola iindlela zokulawula ingqondo, baza bafuna iindlela zokufikelela imvisiswano phakathi komzimba, ingqondo nendalo, ngaloo ndlela bevelisa amandla omntu, ubulumko nobumoya. Le yimvelaphi yokucamngca ngeyoga. Emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwama-5,000 yokuziqhelanisa, iindlela zokuphilisa ezifundiswa yiyoga ziye zanceda izizukulwana zabantu.

Ekuqaleni, i-yogis yayiziqhelanisa emiqolombeni nakumahlathi ashinyeneyo e-Himalayas, emva koko yandiswa ukuya kwiitempile nakwizindlu zelizwe. Xa i-yogis ingena kweyona nqanaba linzulu kukucamngca okunzulu, baya kufezekisa indibaniselwano yengqondo yomntu kunye ne-cosmic consciousness, bavuse amandla aleleyo ngaphakathi, kwaye bafumane ukukhanyiselwa kunye nolona lonwabo lukhulu, ngaloo ndlela benika i-yoga amandla okuqina kunye nesibongozo, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe basasazeke phakathi kwabantu abaqhelekileyo eIndiya.

Malunga ne-300 BC, isilumko esikhulu saseIndiya uPatanjali wenza iYoga Sutras, apho i-yoga yaseIndiya yenziwa ngokwenene, kwaye ukwenziwa kweyoga kwachazwa ngokusesikweni njengenkqubo enemilenze esibhozo. UPatanjali yingcwele ebaluleke kakhulu kwiyoga. Wabhala iYoga Sutras, eyanika zonke iithiyori kunye nolwazi lweyoga. Kulo msebenzi, i-yoga yenza inkqubo epheleleyo okokuqala. UPatanjali uhlonitshwa njengomseki weyoga yaseIndiya.

Abembi bezinto zakudala baye bafumanisa ingqayi yodongwe egcinwe kakuhle kwi-Indus River Basin, apho kuboniswa umfanekiso weyoga ucamngca. Ubuncinci ubuncinci buneminyaka engama-5,000 ubudala, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba imbali yeyoga inokulandelelwa emva kwexesha elidala.

Ixesha leVedic Proto-Vedic

Ixesha lokuqala

Ukusuka kwi-5000 BC ukuya kwi-3000 BC, oogqirha baseIndiya bafunda ukuziqhelanisa neyoga kwizilwanyana kwihlathi lokuqala. KwiNtlambo yaseWutong, yayigqithiswa ngokufihlakeleyo. Emva kweminyaka eyi-1,000 yendaleko, zazimbalwa iirekhodi ezibhaliweyo, kwaye zavela ngohlobo lokucamngca, ukucamngca kunye nokuzincama. IYoga ngeli xesha yayibizwa ngokuba yiTantric Yoga. Ngeli xesha ngaphandle kweerekhodi ezibhaliweyo, i-yoga ngokuthe ngcembe yakhula ukusuka kwingcinga yentanda-bulumko yakudala yaba yindlela yokuziqhelanisa, apho ukucamngca, ukucamngca kunye ne-asceticism yayiliziko lokuziqhelanisa neyoga. Ngexesha lempucuko yase-Indus, iqela labantu bomthonyama kwilizwekazi laseIndiya lalijikeleza umhlaba. Yonke into yayibanika inkuthazo engapheliyo. Ayesenza imisitho entsonkothileyo nendilekileyo yaye enqula oothixo ukuze abuze ngenyaniso yobomi. Unqulo lwamandla ezesondo, izakhono ezikhethekileyo kunye nokuphila ixesha elide ziimpawu zeTantric Yoga. IYoga ngokwengqiqo yemveli luqheliselo lomphefumlo ongaphakathi. Uphuhliso lwe-yoga luhlala lukhatshwa yimbali yenguquko yeenkolo zaseIndiya. Intsingiselo yeyoga iye yaphuhliswa ngokuqhubekayo kwaye yatyetyiswa ngophuhliso lwembali.

Ixesha leVedic

Ingqikelelo yokuqala yeyoga yavela ngenkulungwane ye-15 BC ukuya kwinkulungwane yesi-8 BC. Uhlaselo lwama-Aryans ahambahambayo lwenza mandundu ukuwohloka kwempucuko yemveli yaseIndiya kwaye kwazisa inkcubeko yamaBrahman. Ingqikelelo yeyoga yacetywa okokuqala kwiklasi yenkolo ethi "Vedas", echaza i-yoga "njengokuzibamba" okanye "uqeqesho" kodwa ngaphandle kokuma. Kwiklasi yayo yokugqibela, i-yoga isetyenziswe njengendlela yokuzibamba, kwaye ibandakanya umxholo wokulawula ukuphefumla. Ngelo xesha, yadalwa ngabefundisi ababekholelwa kuThixo ukuba bacule ngcono. Injongo yoqheliselo lweVedic yoga yaqala ukuguquka ukusuka ikakhulu kusekwe kuqheliselo lomzimba ukuze kuphunyezwe ukuzikhulula ukuya kubude befilosofi benkolo bokuqonda ubunye bukaBrahman noAtman.

Phambi kweClassical

I-Yoga iba yindlela yokuziqhelanisa ngokomoya

Ngenkulungwane yesithandathu BC, amadoda amabini amakhulu azalelwa eIndiya. Omnye nguBuddha owaziwayo, yaye omnye nguMahavira, umseki wehlelo lesithethe lamaJain eIndiya. Iimfundiso zikaBuddha zinokushwankathelwa njenge "Iinyaniso ezine eziNgcono: ukubandezeleka, imvelaphi, ukuphela, kunye nendlela". Zombini iinkqubo zeemfundiso zikaBuddha zaziwa ngokubanzi kwihlabathi liphela. Enye ibizwa ngokuba yi "Vipassana" kwaye enye ibizwa ngokuba yi "Samapatti", equka "i-Anapanasati" eyaziwayo. Ukongeza, uBuddha waseka isakhelo esisisiseko sokuziqhelanisa ngokomoya esibizwa ngokuba yi "Ndlela ephindwe kasibhozo", apho "indlela yokuphila elungileyo" kunye "nomgudu ochanekileyo" zifana kakhulu okanye zifana nemimiselo kunye nenkuthalo kwiRaja Yoga.

Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaMahavira, umseki weJainism eIndiya

UbuBhuda babuxhaphakile kumaxesha amandulo, yaye iindlela zobuBhuda ezisekelwe kukucamngca zasasazeka kwinkoliso yeAsia. Ukucamngca kwamaBhuda kwakungaphelelanga kwiimonki ezithile kunye nama-ascetics (Sadhus), kodwa kwaye kwenziwa ngabantu abaninzi abaqhelekileyo. Ngenxa yokusasazeka kobuBhuda, ukucamngca kwaduma kwilizwe laseIndiya. Kamva, ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-10 ukusa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-13, amaSilamsi aseTurkic akuMbindi Asia ahlasela iIndiya aza azinza apho. Bayixabela kanobom ubuBhuda baza banyanzela amaIndiya ukuba aguqukele kubuSilamsi ngogonyamelo nangeendlela zezoqoqosho. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-13, ubuBhuda babuphela eIndiya. Nangona kunjalo, e-China, eJapan, eMzantsi Korea nakwamanye amazwe ase-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia, isiko lokucamngca likaBuddha liye lagcinwa kwaye laphuhliswa.

Ngenkulungwane ye-6 BC, uBuddha wazisa (iVipassana), eyanyamalala eIndiya ngenkulungwane ye-13. AmaSilamsi ahlasela aza anyanzela ubuSilamsi. Ngenkulungwane ye-8 BC-5 kwinkulungwane ye-BC, kwi-Upanishads yenkolo yakudala, akukho asana, ebhekisa kwindlela yokuziqhelanisa ngokubanzi enokuphelisa ngokupheleleyo iintlungu. Kukho izikolo ezibini ezidumileyo zeyoga, ezizezi: karma yoga kunye nejnana yoga. I-Karma yoga igxininisa amasiko enkolo, ngelixa i-jnana yoga igxile kwisifundo kunye nokuqonda izibhalo zenkolo. Zombini ezi ndlela zokuziqhelanisa zinokwenza ukuba abantu bafikelele kwimo yenkululeko ekugqibeleni.

Ixesha leClassical

Inkulungwane ye-5 ye-BC - inkulungwane yesi-2 ye-AD: Iiklasi ezibalulekileyo ze-yoga zivela

Ukususela kwirekhodi jikelele yeVedas kwi-1500 BC, ukuya kwirekhodi ecacileyo yeyoga kwi-Upanishads, ukuya kwimbonakalo yeBhagavad Gita, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-yoga practice kunye nefilosofi yeVedanta yagqitywa, eyona nto yayithetha ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokunxibelelana noThixo, kunye nomxholo wayo uquka iRaja Yoga, iBhakti Yoga, i-Karma Yoga, kunye neJnana Yoga. Yenze i-yoga, uqheliselo lokomoya lwabantu, yaba yi-orthodox, ukusuka ekugxininiseni ukuziqhelanisa nokuziphatha, inkolelo kunye nolwazi.

Malunga nowama-300 BC, isilumko saseIndiya uPatanjali wenza iYoga Sutras, apho i-yoga yaseIndiya yenziwa ngokwenene, kwaye ukwenziwa kweyoga kwachazwa ngokusesikweni njengenkqubo yamalungu asibhozo. UPatanjali uhlonitshwa njengomseki weyoga. IiYoga Sutras zithetha malunga nokufikelela kwimeko yolungelelwaniso lomzimba, ingqondo kunye nomoya ngokusulungekiswa ngokomoya, kwaye ichaza i-yoga njengendlela yokuziqhelanisa ecinezela ukuguquguquka kwengqondo. Oko kukuthi: isiphelo sengcamango yeSamkhya kunye nethiyori yokuziqhelanisa yesikolo seYoga, ithobela ngokungqongqo indlela enemilenze esibhozo yokufumana inkululeko kwaye ubuyele kubuntu bokwenyani. Indlela enemilenze esibhozo yile: "Amanyathelo asibhozo okuziqhelanisa neyoga; ukuzithiba, ukukhuthala, ukucamngca, ukuphefumla, ukulawula iimvakalelo, ukunyamezela, ukucamngca kunye ne-samadhi." Liziko leRaja Yoga kunye nendlela yokufumana ukukhanya.

I-Post-Classical

Inkulungwane yesibini ye-AD-inkulungwane ye-19 AD: IYoga yanamhlanje yanda

I-Tantra, inkolo ye-esoteric enempembelelo enkulu kwi-yoga yanamhlanje, ikholelwa ukuba inkululeko yokugqibela inokufunyanwa kuphela ngokuzibandeza okungqongqo kunye nokucamngca, kwaye inkululeko inokufunyanwa ekugqibeleni ngokunqula uthixokazi. Bakholelwa ukuba yonke into inobudlelwane kunye nobumbano (olulungileyo nolubi, kushushu nokubanda, yin kunye ne-yang), kwaye ekuphela kwendlela yokukhupha intlungu kukudibanisa kunye nokudibanisa konke ukuhambelana kunye nobunye emzimbeni. UPatanjali-nangona wayegxininisa imfuneko yokuzilolonga kunye nokuhlanjululwa, wayekholelwa nokuba umzimba womntu awucocekanga. I-yogi ekhanyiselwe ngokwenene iya kuzama ukulahla inkampani yesihlwele ukunqanda ukungcoliswa. Nangona kunjalo, isikolo (iTantra) yeYoga siyawuxabisa umzimba womntu kakhulu, sikholelwa ukuba iNkosi uShiva ikhona emzimbeni womntu, kwaye ikholelwa ukuba imvelaphi yazo zonke izinto kwindalo ngamandla ezesondo, aphantsi komqolo. Ihlabathi aliyiyo inkohliso, kodwa bubungqina bobuthixo. Abantu banokusondela ngakumbi kubuThixo ngamava abo ehlabathi. Bakhetha ukudibanisa amandla abesilisa nabasetyhini ngendlela engokomfuziselo. Bathembele kubunzima be-yoga postures ukuvusa amandla abasetyhini emzimbeni, bawakhuphe emzimbeni, kwaye emva koko bawadibanise namandla angamadoda abekwe phezu kwentloko. Bahlonipha abafazi ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na i-yogi.

Uxabiso | Ukusukela iTantra: Ukujonga ukunqulwa koothixo kwiyoga yakudala kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo

Emva kweYoga Sutras, yiyoga yasemva kweklasikhi. Ibandakanya ikakhulu iYoga Upanishads, iTantra kunye neHatha Yoga. Kukho 21 Yoga Upanishads. Kwezi Upanishads, ukuqonda okunyulu, ukuqiqa kunye nokucamngca ayikuphela kweendlela zokufumana inkululeko. Bonke kufuneka bafezekise imeko yobunye bukaBrahman kunye no-Atman ngokuguqulwa komzimba kunye namava okomoya abangelwa iindlela zokuziqhelanisa ne-ascetic. Ke ngoko, ukutya, ukuzila, i-asanas, i-chakras ezisixhenxe, njl., kudityaniswe ne-mantras, umzimba wesandla ...

Ixesha langoku

I-Yoga iye yakhula yada yafikelela kwinqanaba apho iye yaba yindlela esasazeke ngokubanzi yokuzilolonga ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo kwihlabathi. Isasazeke ukusuka eIndiya ukuya eYurophu, eMelika, eAsia-Pacific, eAfrika, njl., kwaye ihlonitshwa kakhulu ngenxa yeziphumo zayo ezicacileyo ekunciphiseni uxinzelelo lwengqondo kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo yomzimba. Kwangelo xesha, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zeyoga ziye zaveliswa ngokuqhubekayo, ezinje ngeyoga eshushu, ihatha yoga, i-yoga eshushu, i-yoga yezempilo, njl., kunye nesayensi yolawulo lweyoga. Kumaxesha anamhlanje, kukho namanani e-yoga anefuthe elibanzi, afana no-Iyengar, uSwami Ramdev, uZhang Huilan, njl.