Chiyambi cha Yoga

Yoga ndi kumasulira kwa "yoga", kutanthauza "goli", kutanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito goli la zida zaulimi kulumikiza ng'ombe ziwiri pamodzi kulima nthaka, ndikuyendetsa akapolo ndi akavalo. Ng’ombe ziŵiri zikalumikizidwa ndi goli kuti zilime m’munda, ziyenera kuyenda pamodzi ndi kukhala zogwirizana ndi zogwirizana, apo ayi sizidzatha kugwira ntchito. Amatanthauza "kulumikizana, kuphatikiza, mgwirizano", ndipo pambuyo pake amaperekedwa ku "njira yolumikizira ndi kukulitsa uzimu", ndiko kuti, kuyang'ana chidwi cha anthu ndikuwongolera, kuzigwiritsa ntchito ndikuzikwaniritsa.

Zaka zikwi zambiri zapitazo ku India, pofunafuna mkhalidwe wapamwamba wa chigwirizano pakati pa munthu ndi chilengedwe, amonke kaŵirikaŵiri ankakhala mobisala m’nkhalango yakale ndi kusinkhasinkha. Pambuyo pa nthawi yaitali ya moyo wosalira zambiri, amonkewo anazindikira malamulo ambiri a chilengedwe poona zamoyo, ndiyeno anagwiritsira ntchito malamulo a moyo wa zamoyo kwa anthu, pang’onopang’ono kuona kusintha kosaoneka bwino m’thupi. Chotsatira chake, anthu anaphunzira kulankhulana ndi matupi awo, ndipo motero anaphunzira kufufuza matupi awo, ndipo anayamba kusunga ndi kulamulira thanzi lawo, komanso chibadwa chochiritsa matenda ndi zowawa. Pambuyo pazaka masauzande ambiri akufufuza ndi chidule chake, gulu lazinthu zathanzi, zolondola komanso zothandiza komanso zolimbitsa thupi zasintha pang'onopang'ono, zomwe ndi yoga.

Zithunzi za magoli amakono

Yoga, yomwe yakhala yotchuka komanso yotentha m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi m'zaka zaposachedwa, si masewera olimbitsa thupi otchuka kapena otsogola chabe. Yoga ndi njira yakale kwambiri yodziwira mphamvu zomwe zimaphatikiza nzeru, sayansi ndi luso. Maziko a yoga amamangidwa pa filosofi yakale ya ku India. Kwa zaka masauzande ambiri, mfundo zamaganizo, zakuthupi ndi zauzimu zakhala mbali yofunika kwambiri ya chikhalidwe cha ku India. Okhulupirira akale a yoga adapanga machitidwe a yoga chifukwa amakhulupirira kwambiri kuti pochita masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso kuwongolera kupuma, amatha kuwongolera malingaliro ndi malingaliro ndikukhala ndi thupi lathanzi kwamuyaya.

Cholinga cha yoga ndikukwaniritsa mgwirizano pakati pa thupi, malingaliro ndi chilengedwe, kuti mukhale ndi kuthekera kwaumunthu, nzeru ndi uzimu. Kunena mwachidule, yoga ndi kayendedwe ka physiological dynamic ndi machitidwe auzimu, komanso ndi nzeru za moyo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Cholinga cha machitidwe a yoga ndikukwaniritsa kumvetsetsa ndikuwongolera malingaliro a munthu, komanso kudziwa bwino mphamvu zathupi.

Chiyambi cha Yoga

Chiyambi cha yoga chimachokera ku chitukuko chakale cha ku India. Mu India wakale zaka 5,000 zapitazo, ankatchedwa "chuma cha dziko". Lili ndi chizolowezi champhamvu chamalingaliro achinsinsi, ndipo zambiri zimaperekedwa kuchokera kwa mbuye kupita kwa wophunzira m'njira zapakamwa. Ma yoga oyambirira anali asayansi anzeru omwe ankatsutsa chilengedwe chaka chonse m'munsi mwa mapiri a Himalaya. Kuti munthu akhale ndi moyo wautali komanso wathanzi, ayenera kukumana ndi "matenda", "imfa", "thupi", "moyo" komanso ubale wapakati pa munthu ndi chilengedwe. Izi ndizovuta zomwe ma yoga adaphunzira kwazaka zambiri.

Yoga inayambira kumapiri a Himalaya kumpoto kwa India. Ofufuza amakono a filosofi ndi akatswiri a yoga, pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku ndi nthano, alingalira ndi kufotokoza chiyambi cha yoga: Kumbali ina ya Himalayas, kuli Phiri la Mayi Woyera lalitali mamita 8,000, kumene kuli anthu ambiri omwe amasinkhasinkha ndi kuvutika, ndipo ambiri a iwo amakhala oyera. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anthu ena anayamba kuchita kaduka ndi kuwatsatira. Oyera awa adapereka njira zachinsinsi za machitidwe kwa otsatira awo mwa njira yapakamwa, ndipo awa anali ma yoga oyambirira. Amwenye akale ochita maseŵero a yoga anali kuchita matupi awo ndi maganizo awo m’chilengedwe, anatulukira mwangozi kuti nyama ndi zomera zosiyanasiyana zinabadwa ndi njira zochiritsira, kupumula, kugona, kapena kukhala maso, ndipo zikanatha kuchira mwachibadwa popanda chithandizo chilichonse zikadwala.

Iwo ankayang’anitsitsa nyama kuti aone mmene zimasinthira ku moyo wachilengedwe, mmene zimapumira, kudya, kutulutsa, kupuma, kugona, ndi kugonjetsa matenda bwinobwino. Iwo adawona, kutsanzira, ndikudziwonera okha momwe nyama zimakhalira, kuphatikiza kapangidwe ka thupi la munthu ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana, ndikupanga machitidwe ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe ali opindulitsa kwa thupi ndi malingaliro, ndiye asanas. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, iwo anapenda mmene mzimu umakhudzira thanzi, kufufuza njira zolamulira maganizo, ndi kufunafuna njira zopezera kugwirizana pakati pa thupi, maganizo, ndi chilengedwe, mwakutero kukulitsa kuthekera kwa munthu, nzeru, ndi uzimu. Ichi ndiye chiyambi cha kusinkhasinkha kwa yoga. Pambuyo pazaka zopitilira 5,000, njira zamachiritso zophunzitsidwa ndi yoga zapindulitsa mibadwo ya anthu.

Poyambirira, yogis ankachita m'mapanga ndi m'nkhalango zowirira kwambiri ku Himalayas, kenako amakulitsidwa mpaka ku akachisi ndi nyumba zakumidzi. Ma yogi akalowa mulingo wakuya kwambiri pakusinkhasinkha mozama, akwaniritsa kuphatikiza kwa chidziwitso chamunthu payekha komanso kuzindikira zakuthambo, kudzutsa mphamvu zogona mkati, ndikupeza chidziwitso ndi chisangalalo chachikulu, motero amapatsa yoga mphamvu yamphamvu ndi kukopa, ndikufalikira pang'onopang'ono pakati pa anthu wamba ku India.

Cha m'ma 300 BC, wanzeru waku India Patanjali adapanga Yoga Sutras, pomwe yoga yaku India idapangidwadi, ndipo machitidwe a yoga adafotokozedwa kuti ndi dongosolo la miyendo eyiti. Patanjali ndi woyera yemwe ali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pa yoga. Adalemba Yoga Sutras, yomwe idapereka malingaliro onse ndi chidziwitso cha yoga. Mu ntchitoyi, yoga idapanga dongosolo lathunthu kwa nthawi yoyamba. Patanjali amalemekezedwa ngati woyambitsa Indian yoga.

Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale apeza mbiya yosungidwa bwino mumtsinje wa Indus, pomwe chithunzi cha yoga chikusinkhasinkha. Choumba ichi chili ndi zaka zosachepera 5,000, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti mbiri ya yoga imatha kutsatiridwa mpaka kalekale.

Nthawi ya Vedic Proto-Vedic

Nthawi yoyamba

Kuyambira 5000 BC mpaka 3000 BC, asing'anga aku India adaphunzira machitidwe a yoga kuchokera ku nyama zomwe zili m'nkhalango yakale. M'chigwa cha Wutong, zimaperekedwa makamaka mwachinsinsi. Pambuyo pa zaka 1,000 za chisinthiko, panali zolemba zochepa zolembedwa, ndipo zinawonekera mu mawonekedwe a kusinkhasinkha, kulingalira ndi kudziletsa. Yoga panthawiyi amatchedwa Tantric Yoga. Munthawi yopanda zolemba zolembedwa, yoga idayamba pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku lingaliro lakale la filosofi kukhala njira yochitira, yomwe kusinkhasinkha, kusinkhasinkha ndi kudziletsa kunali likulu la machitidwe a yoga. Panthawi ya Chitukuko cha Indus, gulu la anthu amtundu wa Indian subcontinent linayendayenda padziko lapansi. Chirichonse chinawapatsa iwo kudzoza kopanda malire. Ankachita miyambo yovuta ndiponso yochititsa chidwi ndipo ankalambira milungu kuti adziwe zoona za moyo. Kupembedza kwa mphamvu zogonana, luso lapadera ndi moyo wautali ndizo makhalidwe a Tantric Yoga. Yoga m'lingaliro lachikhalidwe ndi chizolowezi cha moyo wamkati. Kukula kwa yoga nthawi zonse kumatsagana ndi kusintha kwa mbiri ya zipembedzo zaku India. Tanthauzo la yoga lapangidwa mosalekeza ndikulemeretsedwa ndikukula kwa mbiri.

Nthawi ya Vedic

Lingaliro loyamba la yoga lidawonekera m'zaka za zana la 15 BC mpaka zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu BC. Kuwukiridwa kwa Aryans oyendayenda kunachulukitsa kutsika kwa chitukuko cha anthu a ku India ndikubweretsa chikhalidwe cha Brahman. Lingaliro la yoga lidaperekedwa koyamba mu "Vedas" yachipembedzo, yomwe imatanthawuza yoga ngati "kudziletsa" kapena "kulanga" koma popanda kaimidwe. M'makalasi ake omaliza, yoga idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yodziletsa, ndikuphatikizanso zina zowongolera kupuma. Panthawiyo, idapangidwa ndi ansembe omwe amakhulupirira Mulungu kuti aziyimba bwino. Cholinga cha Vedic yoga chizolowezi chinayamba kusintha kuchokera makamaka potengera machitidwe a thupi kuti akwaniritse kudzimasula kupita ku msinkhu wafilosofi wachipembedzo kuti azindikire mgwirizano wa Brahman ndi Atman.

Pre-Classical

Yoga imakhala njira yochita zauzimu

M'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi BC, amuna awiri akuluakulu anabadwira ku India. Mmodzi ndi Buddha wodziwika bwino, ndipo winayo ndi Mahavira, yemwe anayambitsa kagulu kachipembedzo ka Jain ku India. Ziphunzitso za Buddha zikhoza kufotokozedwa mwachidule monga "Zoonadi Zinayi Zolemekezeka: kuzunzika, chiyambi, kutha, ndi njira". Machitidwe onse awiri a ziphunzitso za Buddha amadziwika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Imodzi imatchedwa "Vipassana" ndipo ina imatchedwa "Samapatti", yomwe imaphatikizapo "Anapanasati" wotchuka. Kuphatikiza apo, Buddha adakhazikitsa dongosolo lofunikira lazochita zauzimu lotchedwa "Njira Yopatukana Kasanu ndi katatu", momwe "moyo wabwino" ndi "kuyesetsa koyenera" ndizofanana kwambiri ndi malangizo ndi khama mu Raja Yoga.

Chifanizo cha Mahavira, woyambitsa Jainism ku India

Chibuda chinali chofala kwambiri m’nthaŵi zakale, ndipo njira zachibuda zozikidwa pa kusinkhasinkha zinafalikira ku Asia konse. Kusinkhasinkha kwa Chibuda sikunali kokha kwa amonke ena ndi anthu odziletsa (Sadhus), komanso kuchitidwa ndi anthu wamba ambiri. Chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa Chibuda, kusinkhasinkha kunakhala kotchuka ku India. Kenako, kuyambira chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1000 mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1300, Asilamu a ku Turkey ochokera ku Central Asia anaukira dziko la India n’kukhazikika kumeneko. Iwo anawononga kwambiri Chibuda ndipo anakakamiza Amwenye kutembenukira ku Chisilamu mwa chiwawa ndi njira zachuma. Pofika kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 13, Chibuda chinali kutha ku India. Komabe, ku China, Japan, South Korea ndi mayiko akumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, miyambo yosinkhasinkha ya Chibuda idasungidwa ndikupangidwa.

M'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi BC, Buddha adayambitsa (Vipassana), yomwe idasowa ku India m'zaka za zana la 13. Asilamu adalowa ndi kukakamiza Chisilamu. M'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu BC-5th BC, mu Upanishads wachipembedzo wakale, palibe asana, kutanthauza njira wamba yomwe imatha kuchotsa ululu. Pali masukulu awiri otchuka a yoga, omwe ndi: karma yoga ndi jnana yoga. Karma yoga imatsindika miyambo yachipembedzo, pamene jnana yoga imayang'ana pa kuphunzira ndi kumvetsetsa malemba achipembedzo. Njira zonse ziwiri zogwirira ntchito zimatha kuthandiza anthu kuti afikire ufulu wawo.

Nthawi Yachikale

Zaka za m'ma 5 BC - zaka za m'ma 2 AD: Zakale za yoga zofunika zimawonekera

Kuchokera pa mbiri ya Vedas mu 1500 BC, mpaka mbiri yomveka bwino ya yoga mu Upanishads, mpaka maonekedwe a Bhagavad Gita, mgwirizano wa yoga ndi nzeru za Vedanta unamalizidwa, zomwe makamaka zimalankhula za njira zosiyanasiyana zolankhulirana ndi Mulungu, ndipo zomwe zili mkati mwake ndi Raja Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Karma Yoga, Karmaga Yoga, ndi J. Zinapangitsa yoga, chizolowezi chauzimu cha anthu, kukhala chovomerezeka, kuyambira pakugogomezera machitidwe mpaka kukhalira limodzi kwakhalidwe, chikhulupiriro, ndi chidziwitso.

Cha m'ma 300 BC, wanzeru waku India Patanjali adapanga Yoga Sutras, pomwe yoga yaku India idapangidwadi, ndipo machitidwe a yoga adafotokozedwa kuti ndi dongosolo la miyendo eyiti. Patanjali amalemekezedwa ngati woyambitsa yoga. Ma Yoga Sutras amakamba za kukhala ndi thanzi labwino, malingaliro, ndi mzimu kudzera mu kuyeretsedwa kwauzimu, ndikutanthauzira yoga ngati njira yochitira yomwe imapondereza kusakhazikika kwamalingaliro. Ndiko kuti: chimaliziro cha ganizo la Samkhya ndi chiphunzitso cha mchitidwe wa Yoga sukulu, mosamalitsa kutsatira njira ya miyendo eyiti kuti akwaniritse kumasulidwa ndikubwerera kwa munthu weniweni. Njira ya miyendo isanu ndi itatu ndi: "Masitepe asanu ndi atatu opangira yoga; kudziletsa, khama, kusinkhasinkha, kupuma, kulamulira mphamvu, kupirira, kusinkhasinkha, ndi samadhi." Ndilo likulu la Raja Yoga komanso njira yopezera chidziwitso.

Post-Classical

2nd century AD - 19th century AD: Yoga Yamakono idakula

Tantra, chipembedzo cha esoteric chomwe chili ndi chikoka chachikulu pa yoga yamakono, amakhulupirira kuti ufulu womaliza ungapezeke mwa kudziletsa mozama ndi kusinkhasinkha, komanso kuti ufulu ukhoza kupezeka polambira mulungu wamkazi. Amakhulupirira kuti chirichonse chiri ndi chiyanjano ndi chapawiri (chabwino ndi choipa, chotentha ndi chozizira, yin ndi yang), ndipo njira yokhayo yothetsera ululu ndiyo kugwirizanitsa ndi kuphatikizira mgwirizano wonse ndi uwiri m'thupi. Patanjali-ngakhale kuti anatsindika kufunika kochita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi kudziyeretsa, ankakhulupiriranso kuti thupi la munthu ndi lodetsedwa. Yogi yowunikiradi amayesa kuchotsa gulu la anthu kuti apewe kuipitsidwa. Komabe, sukulu ya (Tantra) Yoga imayamikira kwambiri thupi la munthu, imakhulupirira kuti Ambuye Shiva alipo m'thupi la munthu, ndipo amakhulupirira kuti chiyambi cha zinthu zonse m'chilengedwe ndi mphamvu ya kugonana, yomwe ili pansi pa msana. Dziko lapansi si chinyengo, koma umboni waumulungu. Anthu akhoza kuyandikira kwa umulungu kudzera muzochitika za dziko lapansi. Amakonda kuphatikiza mphamvu za amuna ndi akazi mophiphiritsira. Amadalira machitidwe ovuta a yoga kuti adzutse mphamvu yachikazi m'thupi, kuchotsa m'thupi, ndikuphatikiza ndi mphamvu yamphongo yomwe ili pamwamba pamutu. Amalemekeza akazi kuposa yoga iliyonse.

Kuyamikira | Kutsata Tantra: Kuyang'ana kupembedza kwa milungu mu yoga yakale ndi ziboliboli

Pambuyo pa Yoga Sutras, ndi post-classical yoga. Zimaphatikizapo Yoga Upanishads, Tantra ndi Hatha Yoga. Pali 21 Yoga Upanishads. Mu ma Upanishads awa, kuzindikira koyera, kulingalira komanso kusinkhasinkha si njira zokhazo zopezera ufulu. Onse ayenera kukwaniritsa mgwirizano wa Brahman ndi Atman kupyolera mu kusintha kwa thupi ndi zochitika zauzimu zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi njira zowonongeka. Chifukwa chake, kudya, kudziletsa, asanas, chakras zisanu ndi ziwiri, ndi zina zotere, kuphatikiza mantras, thupi lamanja ...

Nyengo yamakono

Yoga yakula mpaka yakhala njira yofala kwambiri yochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi malingaliro padziko lonse lapansi. Zafalikira kuchokera ku India kupita ku Ulaya, America, Asia-Pacific, Africa, ndi zina zotero, ndipo zimalemekezedwa kwambiri chifukwa cha zotsatira zake zoonekeratu pa mpumulo wa maganizo ndi chisamaliro chaumoyo. Nthawi yomweyo, njira zosiyanasiyana za yoga zakhala zikusintha mosalekeza, monga yoga yotentha, hatha yoga, yoga yotentha, yoga yathanzi, ndi zina zambiri, komanso sayansi ya kasamalidwe ka yoga. Masiku ano, palinso anthu ena a yoga omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri, monga Iyengar, Swami Ramdev, Zhang Huilan, ndi zina zotero. Ndizosatsutsika kuti yoga yomwe yakhala nthawi yaitali idzakopa chidwi cha anthu amitundu yonse.