Gabatarwa zuwa Yoga

Yoga ita ce fassarar "yoga", wanda ke nufin "yoke", yana nufin amfani da karkiyar kayan aikin gona don haɗa shanu biyu tare don noman ƙasa, da kuma korar bayi da dawakai. Lokacin da aka haɗa shanu biyu da karkiya don yin noma, dole ne su tashi tare kuma su kasance cikin jituwa da haɗin kai, in ba haka ba ba za su iya yin aiki ba. Yana nufin “haɗin kai, haɗin kai, jituwa”, daga baya kuma a miƙe shi zuwa “hanyar haɗawa da faɗaɗa ruhi”, wato, mai da hankali ga mutane da jagora, amfani da aiwatar da shi.

Dubban shekaru da suka wuce a Indiya, don neman mafi girman yanayin jituwa tsakanin mutum da yanayi, sufaye sukan zauna a keɓe a cikin gandun daji na farko kuma suna yin tunani. Bayan tsawon lokaci na rayuwa mai sauƙi, sufaye sun fahimci dokoki da yawa na yanayi daga lura da kwayoyin halitta, sannan suka yi amfani da dokokin rayuwa ga mutane, a hankali a hankali canje-canje a cikin jiki. A sakamakon haka, mutane sun koyi sadarwa tare da jikinsu, kuma ta haka ne suka koyi nazarin jikinsu, suka fara kulawa da daidaita lafiyarsu, da kuma ilhami don warkar da cututtuka da ciwo. Bayan dubban shekaru na bincike da taƙaitawa, saiti na cikakke a ka'idar, daidaitaccen tsarin kiwon lafiya da dacewa ya samo asali a hankali, wanda shine yoga.

Hotunan karkiya ta zamani

Yoga, wanda ya zama sananne kuma mai zafi a sassa daban-daban na duniya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ba kawai shahararren motsa jiki ba ne ko kuma na zamani. Yoga wata tsohuwar hanyar koyar da ilimin makamashi ce wacce ta haɗu da falsafa, kimiyya da fasaha. Tushen yoga an gina shi akan tsohuwar falsafar Indiya. Tsawon shekaru dubbai, ƙa'idodin tunani, physiological da ruhi sun zama muhimmin sashi na al'adun Indiya. Masu bi na yoga na zamanin da sun haɓaka tsarin yoga saboda sun yi imani da ƙarfi cewa ta hanyar motsa jiki da daidaita numfashi, za su iya sarrafa hankali da motsin rai da kiyaye lafiyar jiki har abada.

Manufar yoga ita ce cimma daidaito tsakanin jiki, tunani da yanayi, don haɓaka damar ɗan adam, hikima da ruhi. Don sanya shi a sauƙaƙe, yoga motsi ne mai ƙarfi na physiological da aiki na ruhaniya, kuma shi ma falsafar rayuwa ce da ake amfani da ita a rayuwar yau da kullun. Manufar aikin yoga shine a cimma kyakkyawar fahimta da tsari na tunanin mutum, da kuma saba da kuma ƙware hankalin jiki.

Asalin Yoga

Asalin yoga ana iya komawa zuwa tsohuwar wayewar Indiya. A tsohuwar Indiya shekaru 5,000 da suka wuce, ana kiranta "taskar duniya". Yana da ɗabi'a mai ƙarfi ga tunanin sufanci, kuma yawancinsa ana misalta shi daga ubangida zuwa almajiri ta hanyar sigar baka. Yogi na farko duk ƙwararrun masana kimiyya ne waɗanda suka ƙalubalanci yanayi a duk shekara a ƙarƙashin dusar ƙanƙara ta Himalayas. Don rayuwa mai tsawo da lafiya, dole ne mutum ya fuskanci "cuta", "mutuwa", "jiki", "rai" da kuma dangantakar da ke tsakanin mutum da duniya. Waɗannan su ne batutuwan da yogis suka yi nazari shekaru aru-aru.

Yoga ya samo asali ne daga tsaunin Himalayan a arewacin Indiya. Masu binciken falsafar zamani da malaman yoga, bisa bincike da tatsuniyoyi, sun yi hasashe kuma sun bayyana asalin yoga: A gefe guda na Himalayas, akwai dutsen Uwa Mai Tsarki mai tsayin mita 8,000, inda akwai malamai da yawa masu yin tunani da wahala, kuma yawancinsu sun zama waliyyai. Hakan yasa wasu suka fara hassada da bin su. Wadannan waliyai sun ba wa mabiyansu hanyoyin yin aiki na sirri ta hanyar baka, kuma wadannan su ne yogis na farko. Lokacin da masu aikin yoga na Indiya na da suka kasance suna aiwatar da jikinsu da tunaninsu a cikin yanayi, da gangan sun gano cewa an haifi dabbobi da shuke-shuke iri-iri tare da hanyoyin warkarwa, shakatawa, barci, ko zama a faɗake, kuma suna iya murmurewa ta zahiri ba tare da wani magani ba lokacin da suke rashin lafiya.

Sun lura da dabbobi a hankali don ganin yadda suka dace da rayuwar halitta, yadda suke numfashi, ci, fitar da su, hutawa, barci, da shawo kan cututtuka yadda ya kamata. Sun lura, suna kwaikwaya, kuma da kansu sun dandana yanayin yanayin dabbobi, tare da tsarin jikin ɗan adam da tsarin daban-daban, kuma sun ƙirƙiri jerin tsarin motsa jiki masu amfani ga jiki da tunani, wato, asanas. A lokaci guda, sun yi nazarin yadda ruhun ke shafar lafiya, sun bincika hanyoyin sarrafa hankali, da kuma neman hanyoyin da za su cimma jituwa tsakanin jiki, tunani, da yanayi, ta haka ne ke haɓaka iyawa, hikima, da ruhi. Wannan shine asalin tunani na yoga. Bayan fiye da shekaru 5,000 na aiki, hanyoyin warkarwa da yoga ke koyarwa sun amfana da tsararraki na mutane.

Da farko, yogis sun yi aiki a cikin kogo da dazuzzukan dazuzzuka a cikin Himalayas, sannan kuma sun faɗaɗa zuwa temples da gidajen ƙasa. Lokacin da yogis ya shiga matakin zurfi cikin zurfin zurfafa tunani, za su cimma haɗin kai na fahimtar mutum da wayewar duniya, tada kuzarin barci a ciki, kuma su sami wayewa da mafi girman jin daɗi, don haka ba yoga ƙarfi mai ƙarfi da jan hankali, kuma a hankali ya bazu tsakanin talakawa a Indiya.

Kusan 300 BC, babban masanin Indiya Patanjali ya halicci Yoga Sutras, wanda yoga na Indiya ya kasance da gaske, kuma an bayyana aikin yoga a matsayin tsari mai kafa takwas. Patanjali waliyyi ne wanda ke da mahimmanci ga yoga. Ya rubuta Yoga Sutras, wanda ya ba da duk ka'idoji da ilimin yoga. A cikin wannan aikin, yoga ya kafa cikakken tsarin a karon farko. Ana girmama Patanjali a matsayin wanda ya kafa yoga na Indiya.

Masu binciken kayan tarihi sun gano wani tukwane da aka adana da kyau a cikin Kogin Indus, wanda aka nuna hoton yoga yana tunani. Wannan tukwane yana da aƙalla shekaru 5,000, wanda ya nuna cewa tarihin yoga za a iya komawa zuwa wani lokaci mai tsawo.

Lokacin Proto-Vedic

Lokacin farko

Daga 5000 BC zuwa 3000 BC, masu aikin Indiya sun koyi aikin yoga daga dabbobi a cikin gandun daji na farko. A cikin kwarin Wutong, an fi ba da shi a asirce. Bayan shekaru 1,000 na juyin halitta, akwai 'yan rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce, kuma ya bayyana a cikin nau'i na tunani, tunani da tunani. Yoga a wannan lokacin ana kiransa Tantric Yoga. A cikin lokacin ba tare da rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce ba, a hankali yoga ya haɓaka daga tunanin falsafa na farko zuwa hanyar aiki, daga cikinsu akwai tunani, tunani da asceticism sune cibiyar aikin yoga. A lokacin wayewar Indus, ƙungiyar ’yan asalin ƙasar Indiya sun yi yawo a duniya. Komai ya basu wahayi mara iyaka. Sun gudanar da bukukuwa masu ban sha'awa kuma suna bauta wa alloli don su tambayi gaskiyar rayuwa. Bautar ikon jima'i, iyawa na musamman da tsawon rai sune halayen Tantric Yoga. Yoga a al'adar al'ada aiki ne ga ruhin ciki. Ci gaban yoga koyaushe yana tare da juyin tarihin tarihin addinan Indiya. An ci gaba da haɓaka ma'anar yoga da haɓaka tare da haɓaka tarihi.

Lokacin Vedic

Tunanin farko na yoga ya bayyana a karni na 15 BC zuwa karni na 8 BC. Yunkurin mamayar Aryans na makiyaya ya tsananta koma bayan wayewar 'yan asalin Indiya kuma ya kawo al'adun Brahman. An fara gabatar da manufar yoga a cikin al'ada na addini "Vedas", wanda ya ayyana yoga a matsayin "ƙantawa" ko " horo" amma ba tare da matsayi ba. A cikin al'ada ta ƙarshe, an yi amfani da yoga azaman hanyar kame kai, kuma ya haɗa da wasu abubuwan sarrafa numfashi. A lokacin, firistoci waɗanda suka yi imani da Allah suka ƙirƙira shi don mafi kyawun rera waƙa. Manufar aikin yoga na Vedic ya fara canzawa daga galibi bisa aikin jiki don cimma 'yanci zuwa tsayin falsafar addini na fahimtar haɗin kai na Brahman da Atman.

Pre-Na gargajiya

Yoga ya zama hanyar yin aikin ruhaniya

A karni na shida BC, an haifi manyan mutane biyu a Indiya. Daya shine sanannen Buddha, ɗayan kuma shine Mahavira, wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Jain na gargajiya a Indiya. Ana iya taƙaita koyarwar Buddha a matsayin "Gaskiya huɗu masu daraja: wahala, asali, katsewa, da hanya". Dukansu tsarin koyarwar Buddha an san su sosai ga dukan duniya. Daya ana kiransa "Vipassana" dayan kuma ana kiransa "Samapatti", wanda ya hada da shahararren "Anapanasati". Bugu da kari, Buddha ya kafa tushen tsarin aiki na ruhaniya wanda ake kira "Hanyar Ruhaniya ta takwas", wanda "rayuwar dama" da "kokarin da ya dace" sun fi kama da ƙa'idodi da himma a cikin Raja Yoga.

Mutum-mutumi na Mahavira, wanda ya kafa Jainism a Indiya

Addinin Buddah ya shahara sosai a zamanin da, kuma hanyoyin yin bimbini na addinin Buddah sun bazu zuwa galibin Asiya. Yin zuzzurfan tunani na addinin Buddha bai iyakance ga wasu sufaye da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ba (Sadhus), amma kuma da yawa daga cikin mutane suka yi. Saboda yaduwar addinin Buddah, tunani ya zama sananne a babban yankin Indiya. Daga baya, daga karshen karni na 10 zuwa farkon karni na 13, musulmin Turkawa daga tsakiyar Asiya suka mamaye Indiya suka zauna a can. Sun yi wa addinin Buddha mummunan rauni kuma sun tilastawa Indiyawa shiga Musulunci ta hanyar tashin hankali da tattalin arziki. A farkon karni na 13, addinin Buddha yana mutuwa a Indiya. Duk da haka, a cikin Sin, Japan, Koriya ta Kudu da kuma kudu maso gabashin Asiya, an kiyaye al'adar tunani na addinin Buddha.

A cikin karni na 6 BC, Buddha ya gabatar da (Vipassana), wanda ya bace a Indiya a karni na 13. Musulmai sun mamaye Musulunci kuma suka tilasta musu. A cikin karni na 8 BC-karni na 5 BC, a cikin Upanishads na gargajiya na addini, babu asana, wanda ke nufin hanyar gama gari wacce za ta iya kawar da ciwo gaba ɗaya. Akwai mashahuran makarantun yoga guda biyu, wato: karma yoga da jnana yoga. Karma yoga yana jaddada al'adar addini, yayin da jnana yoga ke mai da hankali kan nazari da fahimtar nassosi na addini. Duk hanyoyin da ake bi na iya ba mutane damar kaiwa ga yanayin 'yanci daga ƙarshe.

Lokacin gargajiya

Karni na biyar BC - karni na 2 AD: Muhimman kayan gargajiya na yoga sun bayyana

Daga cikakken rikodin Vedas a cikin 1500 BC, zuwa bayyanannen rikodin yoga a cikin Upanishads, zuwa bayyanar Bhagavad Gita, an kammala haɗin kan aikin yoga da falsafar Vedanta, wanda galibi yayi magana game da hanyoyin sadarwa da allahntaka, kuma abun ciki ya haɗa da Raja Yoga, Bhamana Yoga, da Karna Yoga. Ya sanya yoga, al'adar ruhaniya ta jama'a, ta zama al'ada, daga jaddada aiki zuwa zaman tare na ɗabi'a, imani, da ilimi.

Kusan 300 BC, masanin Indiya Patanjali ya halicci Yoga Sutras, wanda yoga na Indiya ya kasance da gaske, kuma an bayyana aikin yoga a matsayin tsarin kafa takwas. Ana girmama Patanjali a matsayin wanda ya kafa yoga. Yoga Sutras suna magana ne game da samun yanayin ma'auni na jiki, tunani, da ruhi ta hanyar tsarkakewa ta ruhaniya, kuma suna ayyana yoga a matsayin hanyar aiki da ke danne karkacewar hankali. Wato: ƙarshen tunanin Samkhya da ka'idar aikin koyarwa na makarantar Yoga, suna bin ka'idodin ƙafa takwas don samun 'yanci da komawa ga ainihin kai. Hanyar kafa takwas ita ce: "Mataki takwas don yin yoga; horon kai, himma, tunani, numfashi, sarrafa hankali, juriya, tunani, da samadhi." Ita ce cibiyar Raja Yoga kuma hanya ce ta samun wayewa.

Bayan Classical

Karni na biyu AD - karni na 19 AD: Yoga na zamani ya bunkasa

Tantra, addinin esoteric wanda ke da tasiri mai zurfi akan yoga na zamani, ya yi imanin cewa za a iya samun 'yanci na ƙarshe ta hanyar tsantsar tunani da tunani, kuma za'a iya samun 'yanci ta hanyar bautar allahiya. Sun yi imani cewa komai yana da alaƙa da duality (mai kyau da mugunta, zafi da sanyi, yin da yang), kuma hanya ɗaya ta kawar da ciwo ita ce haɗawa da haɗa dukkan alaƙa da duality a cikin jiki. Patanjali-ko da yake ya jaddada wajibcin motsa jiki da tsarkakewa, ya kuma yi imanin cewa jikin dan Adam ba shi da tsarki. Yogi mai wayewa da gaske zai yi ƙoƙarin kawar da taron jama'a don guje wa gurɓatacce. Duk da haka, makarantar (Tantra) Yoga tana godiya ga jikin mutum sosai, ya yi imanin cewa Ubangiji Shiva ya wanzu a cikin jikin mutum, kuma ya yi imanin cewa asalin duk abin da ke cikin yanayi shine ikon jima'i, wanda ke ƙarƙashin kashin baya. Duniya ba ruɗi ba ce, amma tabbaci ne na Allahntaka. Mutane za su iya kusantar allahntaka ta wurin kwarewarsu na duniya. Sun fi son hada kuzarin namiji da mace a hanya ta alama. Suna dogara da matakan yoga masu wahala don tada ikon mace a cikin jiki, cire shi daga jiki, sannan su haɗa shi da ikon namiji da ke saman kai. Suna girmama mata fiye da kowane yogi.

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Bayan Yoga Sutras, yoga ne na zamani. Ya ƙunshi Yoga Upanishads, Tantra da Hatha Yoga. Akwai 21 Yoga Upanishads. A cikin waɗannan Upanishads, fahimta mai tsabta, tunani har ma da tunani ba shine kawai hanyoyin samun 'yanci ba. Dukkansu suna buƙatar cimma yanayin haɗin kai na Brahman da Atman ta hanyar canjin yanayin jiki da gogewar ruhaniya ta hanyar dabarun aikin ascetic. Saboda haka, rage cin abinci, kauracewa, asanas, chakras bakwai, da sauransu, hade da mantras, jiki-hannu ...

Zamanin zamani

Yoga ya ci gaba har ya zama hanyar da ake yadawa ta hanyar motsa jiki da tunani a duniya. Ya bazu daga Indiya zuwa Turai, Amurka, Asiya-Pacific, Afirka, da dai sauransu, kuma ana mutunta shi sosai saboda tasirin da yake da shi akan taimako na damuwa na tunani da kuma kula da lafiyar jiki. A lokaci guda, ana ci gaba da haɓaka hanyoyin yoga iri-iri, irin su yoga mai zafi, hatha yoga, yoga mai zafi, yoga na kiwon lafiya, da sauransu, da kuma wasu ilimin kimiyyar sarrafa yoga. A zamanin yau, akwai kuma wasu nau'ikan yoga masu tasirin gaske, irin su Iyengar, Swami Ramdev, Zhang Huilan, da dai sauransu. Ba za a iya musantawa cewa yoga da aka dade ba zai jawo hankalin jama'a daga kowane bangare na rayuwa ba.